{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T23:19:40Z","timestamp":1794093580195,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonellosis is the second most reported gastrointestinal disorder in the EU resulting from the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated foods. Symptoms include gastroenteritis, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea, fever, myalgia, headache, nausea and vomiting. In 2018, Salmonella accounted for more than half of the numbers of foodborne outbreak illnesses reported in the EU. Salmonella contamination is mostly associated with produce such as poultry, cattle and their feeds but other products such as dried foods, infant formula, fruit and vegetable products and pets have become important. Efforts aimed at controlling Salmonella are being made. For example, legislation and measures put in place reduced the number of hospitalizations between 2014 and 2015. However, the number of hospitalizations started to increase in 2016. This calls for more stringent controls at the level of government and the private sector. Food handlers of \u201cmeat processing\u201d and \u201cReady to Eat\u201d foods play a crucial role in the spread of Salmonella. This review presents an updated overview of the global epidemiology, the relevance of official control, the disease associated with food handlers and the importance of food safety concerning salmonellosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10050907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1619009227000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":496,"title":["Salmonella, Food Safety and Food Handling Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Olugbenga","family":"Ehuwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin\u2014City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit K.","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin\u2014City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin\u2014City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1414-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarna","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin\u2014City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin\u2014City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1821","article-title":"Reported foodborne outbreaks due to fresh produce in the United States and European Union: Trends and causes","volume":"12","author":"Ubeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12799","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12799","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis, consumer\u2019s risk perception, and knowledge associated with domestic poultry handling in Ireland","volume":"40","author":"Myintzaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ECDC (2020, March 02). Salmonella the Most Common Cause of Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/salmonella-most-common-cause-foodborne-outbreaks-european-union."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","article-title":"Source attribution of Salmonella in Macadamia nuts to animal and environmental reservoirs in Queensland, Australia","volume":"17","author":"Munck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.024","article-title":"Spices and Herbs as Source of Salmonella-Related Foodborne Diseases","volume":"45","author":"Zweifel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"HPSC (2020, March 31). Annual Epidemiological Report. Salmonella Infection in Ireland (2018). Available online: https:\/\/www.hpsc.ie\/a-z\/gastroenteric\/salmonellosis\/publications\/annualreportsonsalmonellosisinireland\/Salmonella%202018%20Annual%20report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.10.1919","article-title":"Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods","volume":"73","author":"Podolak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.07.002","article-title":"Relevance of microbial finished product testing in food safety management","volume":"60","author":"Zwietering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Cont."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.4315\/0022-2747-35.10.607","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonellae from naturally contaminated dried milk products: Iii. Influence of pre-enrichment conditions","volume":"35","author":"Ray","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Milk Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.08.003","article-title":"Persistence of Salmonella enterica during dehydration and subsequent cold storage","volume":"32","author":"Gruzdev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-42.4.330","article-title":"Survival of microorganisms in stored pasta","volume":"42","author":"Rayman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"41","article-title":"Survival of Salmonella east bourne and Salmonella typhimurium in chocolate","volume":"76","author":"Tamminga","year":"1976","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.2.181","article-title":"Microbial stability and fate of Salmonella Enteritidis in halva, a low-moisture confection","volume":"61","author":"Kotzekidou","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-126","article-title":"Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce: 2001 through 2009","volume":"76","author":"Kozak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01138.x","article-title":"Survival of Salmonella in peanut butter and peanut butter spread","volume":"89","author":"Burnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4315\/0022-2747-34.9.423","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonellae from naturally contaminated dried milk products: Ii. Influence of storage time on the isolation of Salmonellae","volume":"34","author":"Ray","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Milk Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The comparative burden of salmonellosis in the European Union member states, associated and candidate countries","volume":"6","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obukhovska, O. (2013). The natural reservoirs of Salmonella Enteritidis in populations of wild birds. Online J. Public Health Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v5i1.4569"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"PFMA.org.uk (2020, March 14). Pet Population 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.pfma.org.uk\/pet-population-2019."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"27","article-title":"Salmonella in pets the risk to children","volume":"88","author":"Finlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-0502-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos","volume":"62","author":"Bjelland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"CFSPH (2020, August 19). Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis. Available online: http:\/\/www.cfsph.iastate.edu\/Factsheets\/pdfs\/reptile_associated_salmonellosis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3563-1","article-title":"Diversity of Salmonella serotypes from humans, food, domestic animals and wildlife in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"18","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"CDC (2020, March 10). Outbreaks Involving Salmonella, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/outbreaks.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 12). Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Pet Turtles, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/typhimurium-1-20\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 12). Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infections Linked to Contact with Pig Ear Pet Treats, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/pet-treats-07-19\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 12). Outbreaks of Salmonella Infections Linked to Backyard Poultry, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/backyardpoultry-05-19\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 12). Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Linked to live Poultry in Backyard Flocks, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/live-poultry-06-17\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"FDA (2020, August 12). FDA Investigates Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked To Pet Food, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal-veterinary\/outbreaks-and-advisories\/fda-investigates-outbreak-Salmonella-infections-linked-raws-paws-ground-turkey-food-pets."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"HPSC (2021, March 13). Reptiles and Risks of Infectious Diseases-Health Protection Surveillance Centre. Available online: https:\/\/www.hpsc.ie\/a-z\/zoonotic\/reptilesandrisksofinfectiousdiseases\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turgeon, P., Ng, V., Murray, R., and Nesbitt, A. (2018). Forecasting the incidence of salmonellosis in seniors in Canada: A trend analysis and the potential impact of the demographic shift. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208124"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.07.006","article-title":"Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system","volume":"190","author":"Kurtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Let."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"167","article-title":"Skin inflammation associated with arthritis, synovitis and enthesitis. Part 2: Rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, Reiter\u2019s syndrome, Lyme borreliosis, dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Schempp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermaltol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i3.16515","article-title":"Enteric pathogens and reactive arthritis: A systematic review of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella-associated reactive arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Ajene","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.083451","article-title":"Reactive arthritis following culture-confirmed infections with bacterial enteric pathogens in Minnesota and Oregon: A population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Townes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EFSA (2020, August 27). Multi-Country Outbreak of Salmonella Agona Infections Possibly Linked to Ready-to-Eat Food. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/supporting\/pub\/en-1465."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"FDA (2021, April 11). Salmonella (Salmonellosis), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/foodborne-pathogens\/Salmonella-salmonellosis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"FDA (2021, April 11). Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/recalls-outbreaks-emergencies\/outbreaks-foodborne-illness."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 11). Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Cavi Brand Whole, Fresh Papayas, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/uganda-06-19\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"CDC (2021, April 11). Cost of Illness, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/policy\/polaris\/economics\/cost-of-illness.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"CDC (2021, April 11). Reports of Selected Salmonella Outbreak Investigations. Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/outbreaks.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"FDA (2020, August 11). Outbreak Investigation of Salmonella Uganda: Fresh Papayas (June 2019), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/outbreaks-foodborne-illness\/outbreak-investigation-Salmonella-uganda-fresh-papayas-june-2019."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700703","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.3.1700703","article-title":"Disentangling a complex nationwide Salmonella Dublin outbreak associated with raw-milk cheese consumption, France, 2015 to 2016","volume":"24","author":"Ung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ongoing nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Agona associated with internationally distributed infant milk products, France, December 2017","volume":"23","author":"Fabre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"CDC (2020, August 11). Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infections Linked to Raw Chicken Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Salmonella\/infantis-10-18\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.1.17-00335","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans associated with the consumption of uncooked ham products, the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017","volume":"23","author":"Brandwagt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"CDC (2021, March 14). Food Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"England, P.H. (2020, August 11). Outbreak Report Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 14B, May-September 2014, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/432637\/S_Enteritidis_PT14B_outbreak_report_gateway__2_pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"EFSA (2020, June 18). Salmonella Cases No Longer Falling in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/press\/news\/171212."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Bennington-Castro, J. (2021, March 10). What Is Salmonella?. Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention., Available online: https:\/\/www.everydayhealth.com\/Salmonella\/guide\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenzi, A., Marvasi, M., and Baldi, A. (2020). Agronomic practices to limit pre-and post-harvest contamination and proliferation of human pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in vegetable produce. Food Cont., 107486.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107486"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00038-07","article-title":"Structural biology of pectin degradation by Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"72","author":"Abbott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mole. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01769","article-title":"Human pathogen colonization of lettuce dependent upon plant genotype and defense response activation","volume":"10","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120701628743","article-title":"Microbial contamination in vegetables due to irrigation with partially treated municipal wastewater in a tropical city","volume":"17","author":"Rai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.01.006","article-title":"Microbial ecology of foodborne pathogens associated with produce","volume":"21","author":"Critzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cur. Opi. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-081211-172936","article-title":"Interrelationships of food safety and plant pathology: The life cycle of human pathogens on plants","volume":"50","author":"Barak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"FoodSafety.gov (2020, August 28). 4 Steps to Food Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.foodsafety.gov\/keep-food-safe\/4-steps-to-food-safety."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartz, J.A., Marvasi, M., and Teplitski, M. (2014). Salmonella and tomatoes. The Produce Contamination Problem: Causes and Solution Matthews, K.R., Sapers, G.M., Gerba, C.P., Eds., Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404611-5.00012-9"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"185","article-title":"Plants as reservoirs for human enteric pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ani. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"47","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens recovered from vegetables irrigated by wastewater in Morocco","volume":"69","author":"Ibenyassine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ.Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwu, C.D., and Okoh, A.I. (2019). Preharvest transmission routes of fresh produce associated bacterial pathogens with outbreak potentials: A review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224407"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-Guevara, J.J., Arenas-Hernandez, M.M., Mart\u00ednez de la Pe\u00f1a, C., Silva, J.L., and Luna-Guevara, M.L. (2019). The role of pathogenic E. coli in fresh vegetables: Behavior, contamination factors, and preventive measures. Int. J. Microb., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2894328"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00474-13","article-title":"Generic Escherichia coli contamination of spinach at the preharvest stage: Effects of farm management and environmental factors","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12178","article-title":"Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence","volume":"7","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.10.007","article-title":"Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables in supply centers in Salvador, Brazil: Analysis of determinants, volumes and reduction strategies","volume":"101","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks\u2014United States, 1998\u20132008","volume":"62","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandrell, R.E. (2009). Enteric human pathogens associated with fresh produce: Sources, transport and ecology. Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444319347.ch1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002167","article-title":"Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990\u20132010: A recurring public health problem","volume":"143","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.04.003","article-title":"High relative humidity pre-harvest reduces post-harvest proliferation of Salmonella in tomatoes","volume":"66","author":"Devleesschauwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"WHO (2015). WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007\u20132015, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/199350."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, M.D., Pires, S.M., Black, R.E., Caipo, M., Crump, J.A., Devleesschauwer, B., D\u00f6pfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-Walker, C.L., and Hald, T. (2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1704","article-title":"Global incidence of human Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: A systematic review and knowledge synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Majowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170081","article-title":"Estimated annual numbers of foodborne pathogen\u2013associated illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths, France, 2008\u20132013","volume":"23","author":"Sommen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"EFSA (2021, March 22). Salmonella\u00a0. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/Salmonella."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"USDA (2020, June 21). Cost Estimates of Foodborne Illnesses, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/cost-estimates-of-foodborne-illnesses.aspx."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Agency, F.S. (2020, June 19). The Burden of Foodborne Disease in the UK 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/research\/research-projects\/the-burden-of-foodborne-disease-in-the-uk-2018."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-017-0369-z","article-title":"Cost of illness for five major foodborne illnesses and sequelae in Sweden","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-105","article-title":"Cost of Salmonella Infections in Australia, 2015","volume":"82","author":"Ford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.09.014","article-title":"An economic analysis of Salmonella detection in fresh produce, poultry, and eggs using whole genome sequencing technology in Canada","volume":"116","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"325","article-title":"The economic burden of a Salmonella Thompson outbreak caused by smoked salmon in the Netherlands, 2012\u20132013","volume":"27","author":"Suijkerbuijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"EC (2020, August 14). Control of Salmonella. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/safety\/biosafety\/food_borne_diseases\/Salmonella_en."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Food.gov.uk (2020, August 25). Meat Industry Guide- Microbiological Criteria, Available online: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/document\/Chapter13-Microbiological-criteria.pdf."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"WHO (2020, March 21). Salmonella (non-typhoidal).2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/Salmonella-(non-typhoidal)."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"WHO (2020, August 27). Promoting Safe Food Handling. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/areas_work\/food-hygiene\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"CCOHS (2020, August 27). Food and Kitchen Hygiene: OSH Answers. Available online: https:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/oshanswers\/prevention\/kitchen_hygiene.html."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesokan, H.K., Akinseye, V.O., and Adesokan, G.A. (2015). Food safety training is associated with improved knowledge and behaviours among foodservice establishments\u2019 workers. Int. J. Food Sci., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/328761"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"CDC (2011). Vital signs: Incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 US sites, 1996\u20132010. Mmwr. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 60, 749\u2013755."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"10","article-title":"Food safety certification regulations in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Almanza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965517704370","article-title":"Implementation of behavior-based training can improve food service employees\u2019 handwashing frequencies, duration, and effectiveness","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornell Hosp. Q."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14628","article-title":"Efficacy of food safety training in commercial food service","volume":"84","author":"McFarland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"National Restaurant Association (2020, August 17). Restaurant Industry Facts at a Glance. Available online: https:\/\/www.restaurant.org\/research\/restaurant-statistics\/restaurant-industry-facts-at-a-glance."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"CIoF (2020, August 27). Why Food Safety Training Is Important. Available online: https:\/\/www.foodsafety.ca\/blog\/why-food-safety-training-important."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"FAO (2020, June 21). Food Handlers: Manual \u2022 Instructor. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i5896e\/i5896e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2035-8","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of Shigella and Salmonella among food handlers in Arba Minch University, South Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Mama","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3610-4","article-title":"Burden of intestinal pathogens and associated factors among asymptomatic food handlers in South Ethiopia: Emphasis on salmonellosis","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmc Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Europe Commission (2020, March 28). Regulation (EC) No 853\/2004. Specific Hygiene Rules for Food of Animal Origin. Available online: https:\/\/www.fsai.ie\/uploadedFiles\/Consol_Reg853_2004(1).pdf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8430-5","article-title":"An assessment of the food safety knowledge and attitudes of food handlers in hospitals","volume":"20","author":"Teffo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1499","article-title":"The knowledge, attitude, and practices of food handlers in central South African hospices","volume":"8","author":"Nkhebenyane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nut."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.05.020","article-title":"Knowledge of food safety and food handling practices amongst food handlers in the Republic of Ireland","volume":"80","author":"Moreb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Cont."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yenealem, D.G., Yallew, W.W., and Abdulmajid, S. (2020). Food Safety Practice and Associated Factors among Meat Handlers in Gondar Town: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Environ. Public Health, 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7421745"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.01.033","article-title":"Slaughter hygiene in European cattle and sheep abattoirs assessed by microbiological testing and Hygiene Performance Rating","volume":"101","author":"Alvseike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Cont."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyz007","article-title":"Estimates and burden of foodborne pathogens in RTE beverages in relation to vending practices","volume":"3","author":"Afreen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0825-5","article-title":"Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: A systematic literature review","volume":"24","author":"Gizaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"SafeFood (2020, March 28). How to Cook Meat Safely. Available online: https:\/\/www.safefood.net\/food-safety\/cooking-meat."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"NHS (2020, August 17). Eating Processed Foods. Available online: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/live-well\/eat-well\/what-are-processed-foods\/."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., and Hwang, C.A. (2012). In-package pasteurization of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products. Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095718.3.437"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002769","article-title":"Are ready-to-eat salads ready to eat? An outbreak of Salmonella Coeln linked to imported, mixed, pre-washed and bagged salad, Norway, November 2013","volume":"144","author":"Vestrheim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-014-1354-2","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonella from ready-to-eat poultry meat and evaluation of its survival at low temperature, microwaving and simulated gastric fluids","volume":"52","author":"Akbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022814-015546","article-title":"Statistical aspects of food safety sampling","volume":"6","author":"Jongenburger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-08-2015-0294","article-title":"Effect of food safety training on food handlers\u2019 knowledge and practices","volume":"118","author":"Husain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and Implementation of a \u201cCounter-Top\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Prot. Trends"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"480","article-title":"A comparison of self-reported joint symptoms following infection with different enteric pathogens: Effect of HLA-B27","volume":"35","author":"Schiellerup","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.08.013","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices of food service staff regarding food hygiene in Edirne, Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Ekuklu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Cont."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/5\/907\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:40Z","timestamp":1760161840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/5\/907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10050907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10050907","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00003-025-01576-2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}