{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:53:03Z","timestamp":1792068783405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistant starch (RS) is the starch fraction that eludes digestion in the small intestine. RS is classified into five subtypes (RS1\u2013RS5), some of which occur naturally in plant-derived foods, whereas the others may be produced by several processing conditions. The different RS subtypes are widely found in processed foods, but their physiological effects depend on their structural characteristics. In the present study, foods, nutrition and biochemistry are summarized in order to assess the type and content of RS in foods belonging to the Mediterranean Diet (MeD). Then, the benefits of RS consumption on health are discussed, focusing on their capability to enhance glycemic control. RS enters the large bowel intestine, where it is fermented by the microbiome leading to the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids as major end products, which in turn have systemic health effects besides the in situ one. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros of RS consumption as an ingredient of MeD food. Consequently, new future research directions could be explored for developing advanced dietary strategies to prevent non-communicable diseases, including colon cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T11:39:03Z","timestamp":1630496343000},"page":"2062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Resistant Starches and Non-Communicable Disease: A Focus on Mediterranean Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0562-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Cione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziantonio","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2966-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Dolce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D.K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., Katileviciute, A., Khoja, S., and Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.574111"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprara, G. (2021). Mediterranean-Type Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity: The Winning Combination to Counteract the Rising Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020429"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_202_20","article-title":"Non-communicable diseases viewed as \u201ccollateral damage\u201d of our decisions: Fixing accountabilities and finding sloutions in primary care settings","volume":"9","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60815-5","article-title":"Changing the future of obesity: Science, policy, and action","volume":"378","author":"Gortmaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17034","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.34","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633807","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.633807","article-title":"Intake of Fibre-Associated Foods and Texture Preferences in Relation to Weight Status Among 9-12 Years Old Children in 6 European Countries","volume":"8","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannataro, R., Fazio, A., La Torre, C., Caroleo, M.C., and Cione, E. (2021). Polyphenols in the Mediterranean Diet: From Dietary Sources to microRNA Modulation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020328"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trichopoulou, A., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Tong, T.Y., Forouhi, N.G., Khandelwal, S., Prabhakaran, D., Mozaffarian, D., and de Longeril, M. (2014). Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Views from experts around the world. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-112"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319654","article-title":"Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: The NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries","volume":"69","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions","volume":"46","author":"Englyst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM.2002.79.6.819","article-title":"Cross-linked resistant starch: Preparation and properties 1","volume":"79","author":"Woo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-87-4-0257","article-title":"Characterization of a novel resistant-starch and its effects on postprandial plasma-glucose and insulin responses","volume":"87","author":"Hasjim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100039","article-title":"Effects of processing and additives on starch physicochemical and digestibility properties","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"333","article-title":"Resistant starch in the Italian diet","volume":"80","author":"Brighenti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01091233","article-title":"Resistant starch content of Indian foods","volume":"45","author":"Platel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant. Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.10.019","article-title":"Resistant Starch Content in Foods Commonly Consumed in the United States: A Narrative Review","volume":"120","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2016.02.002","article-title":"Evaluation of Resistant Starch Content of Cooked Black Beans, Pinto Beans and Chickpeas","volume":"3","author":"Fabbri","year":"2016","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-020-00808-0","article-title":"Effect of Different Methods of Thermal Treatment on Starch and Bioactive Compounds of Potato","volume":"75","author":"Narwojsz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05789","article-title":"Physicochemical and prebiotic properties of resistant starch from Musa sapientum Linn., ABB group, cv. Kluai Namwa Luang","volume":"6","author":"Jaiturong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.157","article-title":"Resistant starch type V formation in brown lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) starch with different lipids\/fatty acids","volume":"240","author":"Okumus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1230537","article-title":"Research advances on structural characterization of resistant starch and its structure-physiological function relationship: A review","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201000114","article-title":"Structural and physicochemical characterization of resistant starch prepared using hydrolysis and heat treatments of chickpea starch","volume":"63","author":"Polesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Starch-Starke"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c08197","article-title":"Isolated Pea Resistant Starch Substrates with Different Structural Features Modulate the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Metabolism of Microbiota in Anaerobic Fermentation In Vitro","volume":"69","author":"Dingting","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.036","article-title":"Structural characteristics and crystalline properties of lotus seed resistant starch and its prebiotic effects","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.002","article-title":"The properties of different cultivars of Jinhai sweet potato starches in China","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Barreto, F.F.V., and Bello-P\u00e9rez, L.A. (2021). Chemical, Structural, Technological Properties and Applications of Andean Tuber Starches: A Review. Food Rev., 1\u201316."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(98)00040-3","article-title":"Starch granules: Structure and biosynthesis","volume":"23","author":"Colonna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2021.1885439","article-title":"Comparison of physicochemical properties of jackfruit seed starch with potato and rice starches","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"339","article-title":"Enzyme-Resistant starch. I. Quantitative and qualitative influence of incubation-time and temperature of autoclaved starch on resistant starch formation","volume":"70","author":"Eerlingen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034332i","article-title":"Small-angle X-ray scattering of resistant starch type III","volume":"5","author":"Shamai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.07.023","article-title":"Long- and short-range structural changes of recrystallised cassava starch subjected to in vitro digestion","volume":"25","author":"Mutungi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7040","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00310a047","article-title":"Molecular-Organization in Starches\u2014A C-13 Cp Mas Nmr-Study","volume":"107","author":"Gidley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2007.04.014","article-title":"Study of hydration of cross-linked high amylose starch by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy","volume":"342","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(01)00005-X","article-title":"Strategies for the manufacture of resistant starch","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24592","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03113","article-title":"13C CP\/MAS NMR Can Discriminate Genetic Backgrounds of Rice Starch","volume":"5","author":"Katoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Derivatization of carbohydrates for GC and GC-MS analyses","volume":"879","author":"Sanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(03)00165-6","article-title":"Resistant starch derived from processed legumes\u2013Purification and structural characterization","volume":"54","author":"Mahadevamma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Chang, H., Ma, C., Jiang, S., Huo, D., Liu, W., and Jha, R. (2021). Synergistic Effects of the Jackfruit Seed Sourced Resistant Starch and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum on Suppression of Hyperlipidemia in Mice. Foods., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061431"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-46","article-title":"Effects of indigestible carbohydrates in barley on glucose metabolism, appetite and voluntary food intake over 16 h in healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002524","article-title":"Increased gut hormones and insulin sensitivity index following a 3-d intervention with a barley kernelbased product: A randomised cross-over study in healthy middle-aged subjects","volume":"114","author":"Nilsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572912","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572912","article-title":"Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600129","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600129","article-title":"Diet, gut microbes, and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"61","author":"Dolan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06245","article-title":"Polyphenolic inhibition of enterocytic starch digestion enzymes and glucose transporters for managing type 2 diabetes may be reduced in food systems","volume":"12","author":"Ayua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.02.004","article-title":"Resistant starch as functional ingredient: A review","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602746","article-title":"The impact of freezing and toasting on the glycaemic response of white bread","volume":"62","author":"Burton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00101-8","article-title":"Studies on the in vitro starch digestibility and the glycemic index of six different indigenous rice cultivars from the Philippines","volume":"83","author":"Frei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.5","article-title":"International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2002","volume":"76","author":"Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1239","article-title":"International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values","volume":"3","author":"Atkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540300040031","article-title":"Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Load and Risk of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus on Woman","volume":"277","author":"Salmeron","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500025","article-title":"Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Response and Diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Brennan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(00)00260-5","article-title":"Composition, Molecular Structure, and Physico-Chemical Properties of Tuber and Root Starches: A Review","volume":"45","author":"Hoover","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Singh, J., and Kaur, L. (2008). Structure of Potato Starch. Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201000013","article-title":"The Molecular Structures of Starch Components and Their Contribution to the Architecture of Starch Granules: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"62","author":"Bertoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Starch"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987141","article-title":"Glycemic Index\u2014A Review and Implications for the Potato Industry","volume":"84","author":"Lynch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"557","article-title":"Glycemic Index of Potatoes Commonly Consumed in North America","volume":"105","author":"Fernandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0831-3","article-title":"Effects of total fibre or resistant starch-rich diets within lifestyle intervention in obese prediabetic adults","volume":"55","author":"Dodevska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"358","article-title":"Dysbiosis in intestinal microbiome linked to fecal blood determined by direct hybridization","volume":"10","author":"Cafiero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotech"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0209-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19960004","article-title":"Nutritional implications of resistant starch","volume":"9","author":"Asp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and non-starch polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Fachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-11","article-title":"Effect of high amylose maize starches on colonic fermentation and apoptotic response to DNA-damage in the colon of rats","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323183111","article-title":"Microbial metabolites control gut inflammatory responses","volume":"111","author":"Arpaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322269111","article-title":"The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313506791","article-title":"Diet, Genes, and Microbes: Complexities of Colon Cancer Prevention","volume":"42","author":"Birt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12753","article-title":"Amylose resistant starch (HAM-RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end-stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Laffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bush, J.R., and Alfa, M.J. (2020). Increasing levels of Parasutterella in the gut microbiome correlate with improving low-density lipoprotein levels in healthy adults consuming resistant potato starch during a randomised trial. BMC Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-49977\/v2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00260","article-title":"A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial to Determine the Impact of Digestion Resistant Starch MSPrebiotic\u00ae on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance in Elderly and Mid-Age Adults","volume":"4","author":"Alfa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00115-21","article-title":"High-Fiber, Whole-Food Dietary Intervention Alters the Human Gut Microbiome but Not Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000224","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of Resistin and Adiponectin and Their Relation-ship to Insulin Resistance in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300829","article-title":"Resistant starch type 4-enriched diet lowered blood cholesterols and improved body composition in a double-blind controlled crossover intervention","volume":"58","author":"Nichenametla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.50.93","article-title":"Resistant starch supplementation influences blood lipid concentrations and glucose control in overweight subjects","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.12.005","article-title":"High-resistant starch, low-protein flour intervention on patients with early type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-018-0412-4","article-title":"Impact of rye-based evening meals on cognitive functions, mood and cardiometabolic risk factors: A randomized controlled study in healthy middle-aged subjects","volume":"17","author":"Sandberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1747391","article-title":"Impact of dietary intake of resistant starch on obesity and associated metabolic profiles in human: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3100858","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Vinolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14747","article-title":"Regulatory function of buckwheat-resistant starch supplementation on lipid profile and gut microbiota in mice fed with a high-fFat diet","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food. Sci"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.09.005","article-title":"Is there any place for resistant starch, as alimentary prebiotic, for patients with type 2 diabetes?","volume":"23","author":"Gargari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926842","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1926842","article-title":"Resistant starch, microbiome, and precision modulation","volume":"13","author":"Dobranowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01876F","article-title":"Could resistant starch supplementation improve inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uremic toxins levels in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Esgalhado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.006","article-title":"Precision Microbiome Modulation with Discrete Dietary Fiber Structures Directs Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"27","author":"Deehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy121","article-title":"Effect of 12 wk of resistant starch supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102597","article-title":"Effect of resistant starch type 2 on inflammatory mediators: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"56","author":"Haghighatdoost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06106-8","article-title":"Diet and Gut Microbes Act Coordinately to Enhance Programmed Cell Death and Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk","volume":"65","author":"Chapkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007419","article-title":"Role of Resistant Starch in Improving Gut Health, Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance","volume":"6","author":"Keenan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Marmot, M., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., Jackson, A., James, W., Kolonel, L., Kumanyika, S., and Leitzmann, C. (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective, World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0053","article-title":"Dietary manipulation of oncogenic microRNA expression in human rectal mucosa: A randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Humphreys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.181","article-title":"Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: An international comparison","volume":"69","author":"Cassidy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002230","article-title":"Anti-cancer effects of butyrate: Use of micro-array technology to investigate mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970215","article-title":"Dose-response effects of raw potato starch on small-intestinal escape, large-bowel fermentation and gut transit time in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Mathers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002215","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the effect of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal cell proliferation","volume":"62","author":"Blottiere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2006.25.49","article-title":"Microarray analysis of butyrate regulated genes in colonic epithelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Daly","year":"2006","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001948","article-title":"A review of the potential mechanisms for the lowering of colorectal oncogenesis by butyrate","volume":"108","author":"Fung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.5.3.2382","article-title":"Resistant starch prevents colonic DNA damage induced by high dietary cooked red meat or casein in rats","volume":"5","author":"Toden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.147660","article-title":"Resistant starches protect against colonic DNA damage and alter microbiota and gene expression in rats fed a Western diet","volume":"142","author":"Conlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.5470","article-title":"Crosstalk between Wnt signaling and RNA processing in colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Bordonaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"713","article-title":"Butyrate-induced apoptotic cascade in colonic carcinoma cells: Modulation of the beta-catenin-Tcf pathway and concordance with effects of sulindac and trichostatin A but not curcumin","volume":"10","author":"Bordonaro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20152","article-title":"Linear relationship between Wnt activity levels and apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells exposed to butyrate","volume":"110","author":"Lazarova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"597","article-title":"Linking Diet to Colorectal Cancer: The Emerging Role of MicroRNA in the Communication between Plant and Animal Kingdoms","volume":"8","author":"Donninelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl025","article-title":"Dietary resistant starch type 3 prevents tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and alters proliferation, apoptosis and dedifferentiation in rat colon","volume":"27","author":"Florian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhao, K.N., and Vitetta, L. (2019). Effects of Intestinal Microbial-Elaborated Butyrate on Oncogenic Signaling Pathways. Nutrients., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051026"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.2.209","article-title":"Rat intestinal mucosal responses to a microbial flora and different diets","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1131S","article-title":"Microbial modulation of innate defense: Goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer","volume":"73","author":"Deplancke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"98","article-title":"Diet, anaerobic bacterial metabolism, and colon cancer: A review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"McGarr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061713","article-title":"Hydrothermal treatment of Novelose 330 results in high yield of resitant starch type 3 with beneficial prebiotic properties and decreased secondary bile acid formation in rats","volume":"95","author":"Jacobasch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2011). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to resistant starch and reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 681), \u201cdigestive health benefits\u201d (ID 682) and \u201cfavours a normal colon metabolism\u201d (ID 783) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 9, 2024.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2024"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (2015). High-Amylose Starch and Diabetes. Docket Number FDA2015-Q-2352."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/9\/2062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:08Z","timestamp":1760165648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/9\/2062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10092062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10092062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}}}