{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:55:40Z","timestamp":1790646940934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A biological pretreatment of Eucommia ulmoides leaf biomass was carried out. Above all, the total flavonoids were isolated from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by the treatment of alkaline solution of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate combined with ultrasonic microwave. The extraction parameters were optimized by central composite design (CCD) software and were displayed as follows: surfactant concentration of 1.5%, microwave power of 700 W, extraction time of 30 min, and liquid\u2013solid ratio of 50 mL\/g. The actual yield of total flavonoids was 1.45%. The results of Sudan III color development showed that the cuticle of Eucommia ulmoides leaves was completely removed after dilute alkali pretreatment. Then, Eucommia ulmoides leaves were fermented by Trichoderma viride to remove the holocellulose and obtain gutta-percha. The content of cellulose and hemicellulose in Eucommia ulmoides leaves obviously decreased after Trichoderma viride fermentation. The optimum parameters were listed as follows: solid\u2013liquid ratio of 0.06 g\/mL, four extraction times, extraction time of 89.72 min, and extraction temperature of 85 \u00b0C. The actual yield of gutta-percha was 4.38%. The amount of extraction solvent per unit weight of gutta-percha from untreated Eucommia ulmoides leaves was 2.91 mL\/mg, while that from leaves treated by Trichoderma viride was only 0.96 mL\/mg. The amount of extraction solvent was grossly reduced, which is beneficial in terms of environmental protection. The characterizations of gutta-percha were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). This study laid a certain theoretical and experimental basis for the multi-stage extraction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and the utilization of Eucommia ulmoides resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:23:25Z","timestamp":1633901005000},"page":"2399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ultrasonic Microwave-Assisted Micelle Combined with Fungal Pretreatment of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves Significantly Improved the Extraction Efficiency of Total Flavonoids and Gutta-Percha"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4602-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.05.011","article-title":"Turpentine as an alternative solvent for the extraction of gutta-percha from Eucommia ulmoides barks","volume":"121","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. 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