{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:00:50Z","timestamp":1781762450833,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014717","name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31801627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31801627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M683580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202010712060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202010712060"]}]},{"name":"the National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202010712080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202010712080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) represent the leading reason for staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) and various other diseases. Reports often indicate Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) as the most frequently found enterotoxin in dairy products. To minimize consumer exposure to SEC, this paper aimed to create a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on nanobodies (sandwich Nbs-ELISA) to accurately detect SEC in dairy products without the influence of staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Therefore, after inoculating a Bactrian camel with SEC, a phage display Nb library was created. Eleven Nbs against SEC were identified in three biopanning steps. Based on their affinity and pairing level, a sandwich Nbs-ELISA was developed using the C6 anti-SEC Nb as the capture antibody, while the detection antibody was represented by the C11 phage display anti-SEC Nb. In optimal conditions, the quantitative range of the present sandwich ELISA was 4-250 ng\/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 2.47 ng\/mL, obtained according to the blank value plus three standard deviations. The developed technique was subjected to specific measurements, revealing minimal cross-reactivity with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and SpA. The proposed method exhibited high specificity and an excellent recovery rate of 84.52~108.06% in dairy products. Therefore, the sandwich Nbs-ELISA showed significant potential for developing a specific, sensitive technique for SEC detection in dairy products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:36:15Z","timestamp":1634160975000},"page":"2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a Double Nanobody-Based Sandwich Immunoassay for the Detecting Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C in Dairy Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haofen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00377-9","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxins","volume":"61","author":"Balaban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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