{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:37:40Z","timestamp":1793039860253,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008766","name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FJKX-B2010; 2020L3030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJKX-B2010; 2020L3030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020N0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020N0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"outstanding\u00a0young\u00a0scientific\u00a0talents of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","award":["XJQ201607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJQ201607"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential effects of Auricularia auricula melanin (AAM) on the intestinal flora and liver metabolome in mice exposed to alcohol intake were investigated for the first time. The results showed that oral administration of AAM significantly reduced the abnormal elevation of serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis in mice exposed to alcohol intake. Besides, the abnormally high levels of bile acids (BAs) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of mice with alcohol intake were significantly decreased by AAM intervention, while the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were appreciably increased. Compared with the model group, AAM supplementation significantly changed the composition of intestinal flora and up-regulated the levels of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, etc. Furthermore, liver metabolomics demonstrated that AAM had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice with alcohol intake, especially the metabolites involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling system, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. At the gene level, AAM treatment regulated the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response related genes in liver, including ACC-1, FASn, CPT-1, CD36, IFN-\u03b3, LDLr and TNF-\u03b1. Conclusively, these findings suggest that AAM has potential beneficial effects on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and is expected to become a new functional food ingredient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"2436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Auricularia auricula Melanin Protects against Alcoholic Liver Injury and Modulates Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Mice Exposed to Alcohol Intake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Hilly Red Soil, Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiling","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xucong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingfan","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penghu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.035","article-title":"Linking Pathogenic Mechanisms of Alcoholic Liver Disease with Clinical Phenotypes","volume":"150","author":"Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2016.02.004","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"20","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.007","article-title":"Global Burden of Alcoholic Liver Diseases","volume":"59","author":"Rehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.05.013","article-title":"Functional Perspective of Black Fungi (Auricularia auricula): Major Bioactive Components, Health Benefits and Potential Mechanisms","volume":"114","author":"Pak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.03.082","article-title":"Immuno-Enhancing Activity of Sulfated Auricularia auricula Polysaccharides","volume":"89","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00686H","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and in Vivo of the Polysaccharides from Different Varieties of Auricularia auricula","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.01.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Water Soluble \u0392-D-Glucan from Auricularia auricular-Judae as Potential Anti-Tumor Agent","volume":"80","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2018.09.008","article-title":"Production, Physico-Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Melanin From Submerged Cultures of the Mushroom Auricularia auricula","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.15407\/fz61.02.065","article-title":"The Influence of Melanin on the Gastric Mucosa and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Under Acute Stress Conditions","volume":"61","author":"Golyshkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fiziol. Zh."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.028","article-title":"Effects of Polyphenol Compounds Melanin on NAFLD\/NASH Prevention","volume":"88","author":"Belemets","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-015-0003-5","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Melanin and Fractions from Auricularia auricula Fruiting Bodies","volume":"24","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effect of Allomelanin on Tumor Growth Suppression in Vivo and On the Cell Cycle Phase","volume":"12","author":"Kamei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.08.002","article-title":"Melanin, a Promising Radioprotector: Mechanisms of Actions in a Mice Model","volume":"264","author":"Kunwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129884","article-title":"Utilization of Extracellular Fungal Melanin as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Effluents","volume":"272","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01624K","article-title":"Characterization of Natural Melanin From Auricularia auricula and its Hepatoprotective Effect on Acute Alcohol Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2174\/187152309789151977","article-title":"Probiotics and Gastrointestinal Disease: Clinical Evidence and Basic Science","volume":"8","author":"Petrof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antiinflamm. Antiallergy Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13164","article-title":"Review Article: Alcohol and Gut Microbiota\u2014The Possible Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation in the Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"41","author":"Vassallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06346","article-title":"Lactobacillus Plantarum KLDS1.0344 and Lactobacillus Acidophilus KLDS1.0901 Mixture Prevents Chronic Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice by Protecting the Intestinal Barrier and Regulating Gut Microbiota and Liver-Related Pathways","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability, Gut-Bacterial Dysbiosis, and Behavioral Markers of Alcohol-Dependence Severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.020","article-title":"Interactions between the Intestinal Microbiome and Liver Diseases","volume":"146","author":"Schnabl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1736457","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of LRP6-CRISPR on Prevention of Alcohol-Related Liver Injury Surpassed Fecal Microbiota Transplant in a Rat Model","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Liu, M., Fu, X., Zhang, Z., Zhu, L., Zheng, X., and Liu, J. (2018). Astaxanthin Prevents Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Mouse Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091298"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinkina, V.B., Tyakht, A.V., Odintsova, V.Y., Yarygin, K.S., Kovarsky, B.A., Pavlenko, A.V., Ischenko, D.S., Popenko, A.S., Alexeev, D.G., and Taraskina, A.Y. (2017). Links of Gut Microbiota Composition with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0359-2"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.04.014","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Natural Melanin from Edible Fungus Auricularia auricula on Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.253","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Grifola Frondosa Polysaccharides and their Relationships with the Modulation of Intestinal Microflora in Diabetic Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1571-9","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Melanin by Submerged Culture of Culinary and Medicinal Fungi Auricularia auricula","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.06.042","article-title":"Production of Natural Melanin by Auricularia auricula and Study on its Molecular Structure","volume":"190","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12030","article-title":"Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis, Management, and Novel Targets for Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Orman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e328363ae50","article-title":"Galloflavin Suppresses Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity and Causes MYC Downregulation in Burkitt Lymphoma Cells through NAD\/NADH-dependent Inhibition of Sirtuin-1","volume":"24","author":"Vettraino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02096-2","article-title":"Alcoholic Liver Disease: New Insights Into Mechanisms and Preventative Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.019","article-title":"Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease","volume":"70","author":"Sarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage Targeting of Gut Bacterium Attenuates Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"575","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9798-x","article-title":"Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: The Chicken and the Egg","volume":"12","author":"Arab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.015","article-title":"Fecal Microbiome and Volatile Organic Compound Metabolome in Obese Humans with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"11","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.02.005","article-title":"Akkermansia Muciniphila and its Role in Regulating Host Functions","volume":"106","author":"Derrien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, P.P., Gyongyosi, B., Satishchandran, A., Iracheta-Vellve, A., Ambade, A., Kodys, K., Catalano, D., Ward, D.V., and Szabo, G. (2017). Alcohol-Related Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome Influence Neutrophil Infiltration, Inflammation and Steatosis in Early Alcoholic Hepatitis in Mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174544"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01804","article-title":"Protective Effect of Akkermansia Muciniphila Against Immune-Mediated Liver Injury in a Mouse Model","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45176","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45176","article-title":"Probiotics May Delay the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Restoring the Gut Microbiota Structure and Improving Intestinal Endotoxemia","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-019-0332-2","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and the Role of the Gut-Liver Axis in Rats After Oral Administration of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Fibre. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.32","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Adolescents and the Association with Fatty Liver: The EPOCH Study","volume":"84","author":"Stanislawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17006","article-title":"Are Short Chain Fatty Acids in Gut Microbiota Defensive Players for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis?","volume":"2","author":"Ohira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: Role in Pathogen Colonization, Immune Responses, and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, M.C., Liu, Y.Y., Lin, C.C., Wang, C.C., Wu, Y.J., Yong, C.C., Chen, K.D., Chuah, S.K., Yao, C.C., and Huang, P.Y. (2020). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030820"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10667","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04792","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Response of Decaisnea Insignis Seed Oil On Metabolism Disorder Induced by Excess Alcohol Consumption","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Han, X., Tao, X., Xu, L., Xu, Y., Fang, L., Yin, L., Qi, Y., Li, H., and Peng, J. (2018). Protection by the Total Flavonoids From Rosa Laevigata Michx Fruit against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Via Modulation of FXR Signaling. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7060088"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhang, J., Sun, P., Yi, R., Han, X., and Zhao, X. (2019). Raw Bowl Tea (Tuocha) Polyphenol Prevention of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Intestinal Function in Mice. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090435"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2018.09.012","article-title":"Lipid-Modulate Activity of Cichorium Glandulosum Boiss. Et Huet Polysaccharide in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Larval Zebrafish Model","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111121","article-title":"Puerariae Lobatae Radix Flavonoids and Puerarin Alleviate Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish by Regulating Alcohol and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6808","article-title":"Cluster of Differentiation 36 Deficiency Aggravates Macrophage Infiltration and Hepatic Inflammation by Upregulating Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression of Hepatocytes through Histone Deacetylase 2-Dependent Pathway","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M090969","article-title":"CD36 Plays a Negative Role in the Regulation of Lipophagy in Hepatocytes through an AMPK-dependent Pathway","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.10.009","article-title":"Pcsk9 Knockout Exacerbates Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Fibrosis and Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"1","author":"Lebeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.013","article-title":"Interleukin-22 Ameliorates Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure by Reprogramming Impaired Regeneration Pathways in Mice","volume":"72","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Tan, F., Li, C., Li, W., Liao, W., Li, Q., Qin, G., Liu, W., and Zhao, X. (2019). White Peony (Fermented Camellia Sinensis) Polyphenols Help Prevent Alcoholic Liver Injury Via Antioxidation. Antioxidants (Basel), 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110524"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179564","article-title":"The LDL Receptor","volume":"29","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100452b","article-title":"Identification of Noninvasive Biomarkers for Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease Using Urinary Metabolomics and the Ppara-null Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Manna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.82.181","article-title":"The Analysis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid(NeuGc) of Hepatoma Tissue and K562 Cell Ferritins Using HPLC and Mass Spectrometry","volume":"82","author":"Asakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.08.012","article-title":"Effect of Ginseng Polysaccharide On the Urinary Excretion of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Studied by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"907","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.04.008","article-title":"Bile Acid Signaling in Lipid Metabolism: Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Lipid and Bile Acid Markers Linked to Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetes in Mice","volume":"1851","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422418000197","article-title":"The Controversial Role of Vitamin D as an Antioxidant: Results From Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"32","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.11.011","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation On Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"139","author":"Sepidarkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.015","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Alters Microglia Immune Activation by an IL-10 Dependent SOCS3 Mechanism","volume":"292","author":"Boontanrart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0115-021R","article-title":"Regulation of Inflammation by Cannabinoids, the Endocannabinoids 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol and Arachidonoyl-Ethanolamide, and their Metabolites","volume":"97","author":"Turcotte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1544542","article-title":"N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for the Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Critical Review","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201500964","article-title":"Expanded Metabolomics Approach to Profiling Endogenous Carbohydrates in the Serum of Ovarian Cancer Patients","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.07.028","article-title":"2-Deoxy-D-ribose Induces Cellular Damage by Increasing Oxidative Stress and Protein Glycation in a Pancreatic Beta-Cell Line","volume":"59","author":"Koh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.05.001","article-title":"Curcumin Improves Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Inhibiting Fatty Acid Biosynthesis","volume":"328","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11759-z","article-title":"Identification of Key Metabolic Changes During Liver Fibrosis Progression in Rats Using a Urine and Serum Metabolomics Approach","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S23184","article-title":"Acamprosate for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Clinical Utility","volume":"8","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00180.x","article-title":"Effects of Acamprosate On Sleep During Alcohol Withdrawal: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Polysomnographic Study in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects","volume":"30","author":"Staner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1270483","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid Protects Against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats","volume":"2018","author":"Marciniak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Cell. Pathol. (Amst.)"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.06.044","article-title":"N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist Therapy Suppresses Colon Motility and Inflammatory Activation Six Days after the Onset of Experimental Colitis in Rats","volume":"691","author":"Erces","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400001x","article-title":"Protein Targets of Thioacetamide Metabolites in Rat Hepatocytes","volume":"26","author":"Koen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.096","article-title":"Amygdalin Attenuates Acute Liver Injury Induced by D-galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide by Regulating the NLRP3, NF-kappaB and Nrf2\/NQO1 Signalling Pathways","volume":"111","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2018.25.1.3","article-title":"The Effect of Amygdalin on Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice","volume":"25","author":"Moslehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/10\/2436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:12:53Z","timestamp":1760166773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/10\/2436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10102436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10102436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]}}}