{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:49:43Z","timestamp":1778600983501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are the most common natural contaminants and include different types of organic compounds, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The major toxic inorganic elements include those commonly known as heavy metals, such as cadmium, nickel, and lead, and other minerals such as arsenic. In this study, micronisation and air classification technologies were applied to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.) samples to mitigate inorganic (arsenic) and organic contaminants in unrefined milling fractions and final products (pasta). The results showed the suitability of milling plants, providing less refined milling products for lowering amounts of mycotoxins (DON and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins) and toxic inorganic elements (As, Cd, Ni, and Pb). The results showed an As content (in end products) similar to that obtained using semolina as raw material. In samples showing high organic contamination, the contamination rate detected in the more bran-enriched fractions ranged from 74% to 150% (DON) and from 119% to 151% (sum of T2 and HT-2 toxins) as compared to the micronised samples. Therefore, this technology may be useful for manufacturing unrefined products with reduced levels of organic and inorganic contaminants, minimising the health risk to consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1643143138000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Use of Air-Classification Technology to Manage Mycotoxin and Arsenic Contaminations in Durum Wheat-Derived Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4551-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cammerata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosita","family":"Marabottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Del Frate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Allevato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences (DiSAP), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuela","family":"Palombieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sestili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6827-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Rita","family":"Stazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2018, August 13). 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