{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:00:11Z","timestamp":1794373211159,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03FH057PX5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03FH057PX5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, an online multi-sensing platform was engineered to simultaneously evaluate various process parameters of food package sterilization using gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The platform enabled the validation of critical aseptic parameters. In parallel, one series of microbiological count reduction tests was performed using highly resistant spores of B. atrophaeus DSM 675 to act as the reference method for sterility validation. By means of the multi-sensing platform together with microbiological tests, we examined sterilization process parameters to define the most effective conditions with regards to the highest spore kill rate necessary for aseptic packaging. As these parameters are mutually associated, a correlation between different factors was elaborated. The resulting correlation indicated the need for specific conditions regarding the applied H2O2 gas temperature, the gas flow and concentration, the relative humidity and the exposure time. Finally, the novel multi-sensing platform together with the mobile electronic readout setup allowed for the online and on-site monitoring of the sterilization process, selecting the best conditions for sterility and, at the same time, reducing the use of the time-consuming and costly microbiological tests that are currently used in the food package industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11050660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:22:35Z","timestamp":1645687355000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of Various Process Parameters for Optimized Sterilization Conditions Using a Multi-Sensing Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Farnoosh","family":"Vahidpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Guthmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2995-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef","family":"Alghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sch\u00f6ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- und Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Center J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.11.005","article-title":"Disinfection and sterilization: An overview","volume":"41","author":"Rutala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yam, K.L. (2009). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470541395"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Agalloco, J., and Akers, J. (2010). Advanced Aseptic Processing Technology, Informa Healthcare."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14412","article-title":"Terminal sterilization of medical devices using vaporized hydrogen peroxide: A review of current methods and emerging opportunities","volume":"127","author":"McEvoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000732","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.202000732","article-title":"Sterilization of objects, products, and packaging surfaces and their characterization in different fields of industry: The status in 2020","volume":"218","author":"Jildeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.04.040","article-title":"Rapid methods and sensors for milk quality monitoring and spoilage detection","volume":"140","author":"Poghossian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400008640","article-title":"The electric current (apart from the heat generated). A bacteriologibal agent in the sterilization of milk and other fluids","volume":"24","author":"Beattie","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skiba, E.A., and Khmelev, V.N. (2007, January 1\u20135). Sterilization of milk by ultrasonics. Proceedings of the 8th International Siberian Workshop and Tutorials EDM, Novosibirsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBEDM.2007.4292993"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2.4.282","article-title":"The sterilization of milk bottles with calcium hypochlorite","volume":"2","author":"Whittaker","year":"1912","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.176","article-title":"A pulsed light system for the disinfection of flow through water in the presence of inorganic contaminants","volume":"13","author":"Garvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell, G. (2014). The use of hydrogen peroxide for disinfection and sterilization applications. PATAI\u2019S Chem. Funct. Groups, 1\u201334.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470682531.pat0885"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2019.104751","article-title":"Inactivation mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 under ultrasonic sterilization","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.10.021","article-title":"Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide vapour as a method for the decontamination of surfaces contaminated with Clostridium botulinum spores","volume":"60","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010241","article-title":"New disinfection and sterilization methods","volume":"7","author":"Rutala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111691","article-title":"Development of a package-sterilization process for aseptic filling machines: A numerical approach and validation for surface treatment with hydrogen peroxide","volume":"303","author":"Jildeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1205\/096030803765208670","article-title":"An overview of sterilization methods for packaging materials used in aseptic packaging systems","volume":"81","author":"Ansari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0307.2006.00247.x","article-title":"Extended shelf life milk-advances in technology","volume":"59","author":"Rysstad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Robertson, G.L. (2013). Legislative and Safety Aspects of Food Packaging, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111628","article-title":"Combined calorimetric gas- and spore-based biosensor array for online monitoring and sterility assurance of gaseous hydrogen peroxide in aseptic filling machines","volume":"143","author":"Arreola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"68","article-title":"Comparing and contrasting: Barrier isolator decontamination systems","volume":"28","author":"Fisher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1515\/ijfe-2015-0061","article-title":"Modelling and multi-objective optimisation of the VHP pouch packaging sterilisation process","volume":"12","author":"Spanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118519","article-title":"Development of an in-line evaporation unit for the production of gas mixtures containing hydrogen peroxide\u2013numerical modeling and experimental results","volume":"143","author":"Jildeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26115","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026115","article-title":"Study of interdigitated electrode arrays using experiments and finite element models for the evaluation of sterilization processes","volume":"15","author":"Jildeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2014.09.012","article-title":"Microbicidal effectiveness of X-rays used for sterilization purposes","volume":"107","author":"Tallentire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Food processing machinery and packaging machinery code of practice testing filling machines of VDMA hygiene class V (aseptic plants): Sterilizing the sterile zone in a machine interior","volume":"8","author":"Kronseder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Process. Packag. Mach. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pts.2770050206","article-title":"Testing of aseptic machines for efficiency of sterilization of packaging materials by means of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"5","author":"Cerny","year":"1992","journal-title":"Packag. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(92)80207-E","article-title":"Flow-through amperometric sensor for hydrogen peroxide monitoring in gaseous media","volume":"9","author":"Kulys","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2011.06.034","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide vapor sensor using metal-phthalocyanine functionalized carbon nanotubes","volume":"519","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Xu, M. (2014). Trace Vapor Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide: An Effective Approach to Identification of Improvised Explosive Devices. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Utah Graduate School]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201431900","article-title":"Towards a biosensor to monitor the sterilisation efficiency of aseptic filling machines","volume":"212","author":"Bromm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800044","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201800044","article-title":"Flexible calorimetric gas sensors for detection of a broad concentration range of gaseous hydrogen peroxide: A step forward to online monitoring of food-package sterilization processes","volume":"215","author":"Vahidpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.11.048","article-title":"Monitoring the microbicidal effectiveness of gaseous hydrogen peroxide in sterilisation processes by means of a calorimetric gas sensor","volume":"31","author":"Kirchner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.12.045","article-title":"Spore-based biosensor to monitor the microbicidal efficacy of gaseous hydrogen peroxide sterilization processes","volume":"104","author":"Mayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.01.148","article-title":"Toward an immobilization method for spore-based biosensors in oxidative environment","volume":"302","author":"Arreola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.200983309","article-title":"Gas sensor investigation based on a catalytically activated thin-film thermopile for H2O2 detection","volume":"207","author":"Kirchner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.01.058","article-title":"Thin-film calorimetric H2O2 gas sensor for the validation of germicidal effectivity in aseptic filling processes","volume":"154","author":"Kirchner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Von Bockelmann, B., and Von Bockelmann, I. (1998). Long-Life Products: Heat-Treated, Aseptically Packed: A Guide to Quality, Bernhard von Bockelmann. Linn\u00e9v\u00e4gen 4, SE- 232 52."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/5\/660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:01Z","timestamp":1760135161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/5\/660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods11050660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11050660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}