{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:10:48Z","timestamp":1791853848061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization)","award":["CRP5605021810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP5605021810"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nontyphoidal-Salmonella bacteria cause foodborne gastroenteritis that may lead to fatal bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis if not treated properly. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains is a global public health threat. Regular monitoring of genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from humans, animals, foods, and environments is mandatory for effective reduction and control of this food-borne pathogen. In this study, antimicrobial-resistant and virulent genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from retail food samples in Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated. From 252 raw food samples, 58 Salmonella strains that belonged only to serotype Enteritidis were isolated. Disc diffusion method showed that all isolates were still sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems. More than 30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Twenty isolates resist at least three antibiotic classes. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that 12.07% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase. Polymerase chain reaction indicated that 32.76, 81.03, 39.66, and 5.17% of the isolates carried blaTEM-1, tetA, sul2, and dfrA7, respectively. All isolates were positive for invasion-associated genes. Effective prevention and control of Salmonella (as well as other food-borne pathogens) is possible by increasing public awareness and applying food hygienic practices. Active and well harmonised \u201cOne Health\u201d co-operation is required to effectively control food-borne zoonosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11050661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:22:35Z","timestamp":1645687355000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Retail Foods Marketed in Bangkok, Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Thida","family":"Kong-Ngoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirijan","family":"Santajit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witawat","family":"Tunyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pornpan","family":"Pumirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitat","family":"Sookrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanpen","family":"Chaicumpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitaya","family":"Indrawattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"International Collaboration on Enteric Disease \u201cBurden of Illness\u201d Studies. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00787-y","article-title":"Climate change, extreme events, and increased risk of salmonellosis: Foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet), 2004\u20132014","volume":"20","author":"Morgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1244","article-title":"Salmonella spp. infection-A continuous threat worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Popa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00197","article-title":"Contaminants in foods of animal origin in cameroon: A one health vision for risk management \u201cfrom Farm to Fork\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Pouokam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101157","article-title":"Mapping foodborne pathogen contamination throughout the conventional and alternative poultry supply chains","volume":"100","author":"Golden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-12","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: Virulence and regulation","volume":"26","author":"Vila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00015-13","article-title":"Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars","volume":"77","author":"Foley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CDC (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nontyphoid Salmonella infection: Microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 19). Salmonella (Non-Typhoidal). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00825-6","article-title":"The invasion-associated type-III protein secretion system in Salmonella\u2013A review","volume":"192","author":"Collazo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01935.x","article-title":"Salmonella pathogenicity island 2","volume":"36","author":"Hensel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5050-5055.2000","article-title":"Invasion genes are not required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to breach the intestinal epithelium: Evidence that Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 has alternative functions during infection","volume":"68","author":"Murray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.2.525-533.2003","article-title":"Transcription of the Salmonella invasion gene activator, hilA, requires HilD activation in the absence of negative regulators","volume":"185","author":"Boddicker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.132779","article-title":"Integrating global regulatory input into the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system","volume":"190","author":"Golubeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.10.3768-3771.1996","article-title":"Virulence determinants invA and spvC in salmonellae isolated from poultry products, wastewater, and human sources","volume":"62","author":"Swamy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1305-1308.2001","article-title":"Multidrug resistance is mediated by large plasmids carrying a class 1 integron in the emergent Salmonella enterica serotype [4, 5, 12: I:\u2212]","volume":"45","author":"Guerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000800016","article-title":"Detection of hilA gene sequences in serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica","volume":"97","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06498-11","article-title":"Characterization of blaCMY-2 plasmids in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from food animals in Canada","volume":"78","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0177","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from animals, retail meats, and humans in the United States and Canada","volume":"19","author":"Glenn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.019","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Salmonella serovars among healthy and diseased chickens and their public health implication","volume":"22","author":"Sabry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111314","article-title":"Presence of Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Salmonella spp.: Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Pavelquesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2002). Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2013Horizontal Method for the Detection of Salmonella spp. (Standard No. ISO 6579:2002)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7909-2","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy applied to the horizontal methods ISO 6579: 2002 to identify Salmonella spp. in the food industry","volume":"406","author":"Assaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslanzadeh, J. (2006). Biochemical profile-based microbial identification systems. Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-32892-0_6"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars","volume":"9","author":"Grimont","year":"2007","journal-title":"WHO Collab. Cent. Ref. Res. Salmonella"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05468-11","article-title":"Molecular and cellular characterization of a Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A outbreak strain and the human immune response to infection","volume":"19","author":"Suez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030201","article-title":"Molecular detection of multidrug resistant Salmonella species isolated from broiler farm in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1012","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates from humans by antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew144","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in raw chicken meat at retail markets in Malaysia","volume":"95","author":"Thung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Murray, K.A., and Daszak, P. (2012). One health and hotspots of food-borne EIDs. Improving Food Safety through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1184-1192.2005","article-title":"Acquisition of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport and Escherichia coli in the turkey poult intestinal tract","volume":"71","author":"Poppe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01916-05","article-title":"Clonality and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolates from four public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.014","article-title":"Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in salad vegetables in Malaysia","volume":"117","author":"Chai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0086","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo infections in France linked to consumption of cheese made from raw milk","volume":"6","author":"Dominguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"73","article-title":"Epidemiological Survey of S. Enteritidis Pulsotypes from Salmonellosis Outbreak in Chiang Mai and Samut Songkhram Provinces, Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Chotinan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Integr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"45","article-title":"Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimorium identification in poultry carcasses","volume":"10","author":"Afshari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020073","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp. From Raw Beef in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822006000300030","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from broiler carcasses","volume":"37","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"9","article-title":"Microbial-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from poultry samples","volume":"1","author":"Ghazaey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14754","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14754","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant food-borne Salmonella strains harboring multiple PMQR elements but not target gene mutations","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.3.405","article-title":"Molecular basis of the interaction of Salmonella with the intestinal mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Darwin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-5-1023","article-title":"Fimbriae-and flagella-mediated association with and invasion of cultured epithelial cells by Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"145","author":"Thorns","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09058.x","article-title":"Inactivation of the flagellin gene of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis strongly reduces into differentiated Caco-2 cells","volume":"185","author":"Hendriks","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.07.012","article-title":"Flagella-mediated bacterial motility accelerates but is not required for Salmonella serotype Enteritidis invasion of differentiated Caco-2 cells","volume":"294","author":"Hendriks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000564","article-title":"Detection of invA gene in isolated Salmonella from marketed poultry meat by PCR assay","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02802.x","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation: Critical role of cellulose","volume":"43","author":"Solano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00398.x","article-title":"The presence of major world-wide clones for phage type 4 and 8 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and the evaluation of their virulence levels by invasiveness assays in vitro and in vivo","volume":"263","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.029405-0","article-title":"Identification of genetic and phenotypic differences associated with prevalent and non-prevalent Salmonella Enteritidis phage types: Analysis of variation in amino acid transport","volume":"155","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2013001200004","article-title":"Detection of virulence-associated genes in Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from chicken in South of Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02697","article-title":"Prevalence, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars from retail beef in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Thung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S211618","article-title":"Molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Mthembu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/5\/661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:06Z","timestamp":1760135166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/5\/661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods11050661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11050661","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}