{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:26:46Z","timestamp":1787794006922,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project","award":["NZ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021032"]}]},{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project","award":["2019B020211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020211002"]}]},{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project","award":["2019SCAUGH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCAUGH03"]}]},{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project","award":["AGL2016-75951-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-75951-R"]}]},{"name":"Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project","award":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Key Area R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["NZ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021032"]}]},{"name":"Key Area R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B020211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020211002"]}]},{"name":"Key Area R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019SCAUGH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCAUGH03"]}]},{"name":"Key Area R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["AGL2016-75951-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-75951-R"]}]},{"name":"Key Area R&amp;D Program of Guangdong Province","award":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme","award":["NZ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021032"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme","award":["2019B020211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020211002"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme","award":["2019SCAUGH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCAUGH03"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme","award":["AGL2016-75951-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-75951-R"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme","award":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation Program of SCAU","award":["NZ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021032"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation Program of SCAU","award":["2019B020211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020211002"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation Program of SCAU","award":["2019SCAUGH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCAUGH03"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation Program of SCAU","award":["AGL2016-75951-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-75951-R"]}]},{"name":"International Cooperation Program of SCAU","award":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["NZ2021032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZ2021032"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["2019B020211002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020211002"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["2019SCAUGH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SCAUGH03"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["AGL2016-75951-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-75951-R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106071RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For developing the recycling of fruit by-products from kiwano, a polysaccharide was extracted from kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) peels, namely Cucumis metuliferus peels polysaccharide (CMPP), with the aim of investigating the potential beneficial effects. The composition of polysaccharides was analyzed by chemical methods. RAW264.7 macrophages cells and the microbiota dynamics simulator (BFBL gut model) were used for in vitro study. The result showed that CMPP mainly consists of glucuronic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose. By intervening with RAW264.7 cells, CMPP promoted cell proliferation and showed immune-enhancing activity, which significantly (p &lt; 0.05) induced the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at a concentration of 50 \u03bcg\/mL. In addition, CMPP had an impact on the composition of the gut bacteria, increasing the growth of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Feacalibacterium, and Roseburia. During the intake period, acetic, butyric and propionic acids were all increased, especially (p &lt; 0.05) in the descending colon. Moreover, a decrease in ammonia concentration (10.17 \u00b1 0.50 mM in the ascending colon, 13.21 \u00b1 1.54 mM in the transverse colon and 13.62 \u00b1 0.45 mM in the descending colon, respectively) was observed. In summary, CMPP can be considered as a pectin, showed immunological activity and function of gut microbiota modulation. This study could be the scientific basis of developing kiwano peels as beneficial to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Immunological Activity and Gut Microbiota Modulation of Pectin from Kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) Peels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minqian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, CIAL-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, CIAL-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, CIAL-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2640","article-title":"Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Brestoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.47","article-title":"Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics","volume":"12","author":"Bindels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1616\/1476-2137.15880","article-title":"Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Bull. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.K. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4053-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112967","article-title":"Phytomedicinal relevance of South African Cucurbitaceae species and their safety assessment: A review","volume":"259","author":"Staden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"490","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Cucumis metuliferus E.Mey. ex Naudin on some post-harvest decay fungi of string beans","volume":"3","author":"Nwadiaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"370","article-title":"Alkaloids of the fruit pulp of cucumis metuliferus E.MEYE (Cuecubitaceae) have antiviral activity against IBDV and NDV","volume":"115","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2586","article-title":"Anti-ulcer properties of alkalodis isoated from the fruit pulp of Cucumis metuliferous (Curcurbitaceae)","volume":"2","author":"Omale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5119.83948","article-title":"Glycosides fraction extracted from fruit pulp of Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer has antihyperglycemic effect in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Gotep","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.9734\/jocamr\/2020\/v9i330144","article-title":"Proximate, Phytochemical and Vitamin Compositions of Cucumis metuliferus (Horned Melon) Rind","volume":"9","author":"Ezekaibeya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Complementary Altern. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.05.079","article-title":"Structure\u2013function relationships of immunostimulatory polysaccharides: A review","volume":"132","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12489","article-title":"Dietary fibers from fruits and vegetables and their health benefits via modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.03.005","article-title":"In vitro colonic fermentation of dietary fibers: Fermentation rate, short-chain fatty acid production and changes in microbiota","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110921","article-title":"Modulation and metabolism of obesity-associated microbiota in a dynamic simulator of the human gut microbiota","volume":"141","author":"Requena","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117371","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunological activity of pectin polysaccharide from kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) peels","volume":"254","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"31","article-title":"Structural analysis and anti-pancreatic lipase activity of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-008-0824-z","article-title":"Bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. and Zucc.) fruit in relation to fruit maturity and postharvest storage","volume":"227","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.090","article-title":"Structure characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Chinese wild fruits (Passiflora foetida) and its immune-enhancing activity","volume":"136","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.084","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from green alga Caulerpa racemosa var peltata","volume":"134","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00759-10","article-title":"Microbial community development in a dynamic gut model is reproducible, colon region specific, and selective for Bacteroidetes and Clostridium cluster IX","volume":"76","author":"Abbeele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3960","article-title":"Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies","volume":"35","author":"Costea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.11.012","article-title":"Egg white peptide-based immunotherapy enhances vitamin A metabolism and induces ROR\u03b3t+ regulatory T cells","volume":"52","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix088","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix088","article-title":"Effect of dietary nucleosides and yeast extracts on composition and metabolic activity of infant gut microbiota in PolyFermS colonic fermentation models","volume":"93","author":"Doo","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.145","article-title":"Characteristics and immune-enhancing activity of pectic polysaccharides from sweet cherry (Prunus avium)","volume":"254","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"23100219","article-title":"Apple by-product dietary fibre exhibits potential prebiotic and hypolipidemic effectsin high-fat fed Wistar rats","volume":"23","author":"Pea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.106","article-title":"Systematic fractionation and immunoenhancement of water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from fruit of Morus alba L.","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00603B","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Ficus carica","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-021-09982-y","article-title":"Isolation, purification and structural characterization of two pectin-type polysaccharides from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. and their proliferation activities on RAW264.7 cells","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00219G","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of an acidic polysaccharide fraction from herbal Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.12.038","article-title":"Immune enhancement activity of a novel polysaccharide produced by Dendrobium officinale endophytic fungus Fusarium solani DO7","volume":"53","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01387","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of a polysaccharide fraction from Platycladus Orientalis (L.) Franco and its macrophage immunomodulatory and anti-hepatitis B virus activities","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Wen, P., Hao, H.L., Zhu, M.Q., Sun, Y.M., Zou, Y.X., Requena, T., Huang, R.M., and Wang, H. (2020). Structural features of three hetero-galacturonans from Passiflora foetida fruits and their in vitro immunomodulatory effects. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030615"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900072","article-title":"Validation of a three-stage compound continuous culture system for investigating the effect of retention time on the ecology and metabolism of bacteria in the human colon","volume":"35","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01248E","article-title":"In vitro fermentation of mulberry fruit polysaccharides by human fecal inocula and impact on microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wongkaew, M., Tinpovong, B., Sringarm, K., Leksawasdi, N., and Sommano, S. (2021). Crude pectic oligosaccharide recovery from Thai Chok Anan mango peel using pectinolytic enzyme hydrolysis. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030627"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.106723","article-title":"Isolated pectin (apple) and fruit pulp (mango) impact gastric emptying, passage rate and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production differently along the pig gastrointestinal tract","volume":"118","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"382","article-title":"Behaviour of citrus pectin during its gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation in a dynamic simulator (simgi\u00ae)","volume":"207","author":"Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.083","article-title":"Extraction, characterization and immunomodulatory property of pectic polysaccharide from pomegranate peels: Enzymatic vs conventional approach","volume":"116","author":"Gavlighi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100542","article-title":"Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health","volume":"56","author":"Karen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Floch, M.H., Ringe, Y., and Walker, W.A. (2017). The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: A proof-of-concept exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Hyland, N., and Stanton, C. (2016). The Gut-Brain Axis, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Schaechter, M. (2009). Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Batt, C.A., and Tortorello, M.L. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Elsevier Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/referencework\/9780123847331\/encyclopedia-of-food-microbiology."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faintuch, J., and Faintuch, S. (2019). Microbiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and Other Strategic Applications, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815249-2.02001-7"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304833","article-title":"A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Machiels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Microbes inside\u2014From diversity to function: The case of Akkermansia","volume":"6","author":"Belzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Microb. Ecol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316250","article-title":"Microbiota fermentation-NLRP3 axis shapes the impact of dietary fibres on intestinal inflammation","volume":"68","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800535","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800535","article-title":"Goji Berry modulates gut microbiota and alleviates colitis in IL-10-deficient mice","volume":"62","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02667D","article-title":"Oligosaccharides derived from Lycium barbarum ameliorate glycolipid metabolism and modulate the gut microbiota community and the faecal metabolites in a type 2 diabetes mouse model: Metabolomic bioinformatic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03287A","article-title":"Prebiotic activities of dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides SPCL742 analyzed in the aspect of the human gut microbial ecosystem","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.04.010","article-title":"A critical review on interplay between dietary fibers and gut microbiota","volume":"124","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/11\/1632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:39Z","timestamp":1760138559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/11\/1632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["foods11111632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11111632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}