{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:28:53Z","timestamp":1791613733774,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1800400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800400"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFD0500500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["8161101134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8161101134"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC","award":["2022YFD1800400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800400"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC","award":["2018YFD0500500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500500"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC","award":["8161101134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8161101134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens and can cause serious foodborne illness in humans by foods contaminated with S. aureus enterotoxins. In recent years, livestock-associated S. aureus has been a major public health concern for humans and has emerged in various countries globally. China is one of the largest producers of pigs and pork in the world. However, there are few studies on the detailed genotypic and pathogenic characterization of pork-associated S. aureus in China. In this study, the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus in raw pork in Wuhan, China, were investigated through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and whole-genome sequencing analysis. A total of 518 S. aureus isolates (16.9%) were isolated from 3067 retail and wholesale pork samples. The prevalence of S. aureus in retail pork (22.7%) was significantly higher than in wholesale pork (15.1%), while the proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in wholesale pork (12.9%) was significantly higher than in retail pork (6.2%). Among the isolates, 10.8% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (88.8%) and erythromycin (58.1%). A total of 28 sequence types (STs) were identified in the 518 isolates, and the predominant type was ST7 (57.5%), followed by ST5 (9.1%). In addition, based on the whole-genome sequences of 39 representative strains, 17 spa types were identified among the isolates, of which t899, t091, and t437 were the most common. Furthermore, 19 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and SE-like (SEl) toxin genes were detected in the isolates, of which selw was the most common type (100%), followed by sei, sem, seo, seu, and selv (46.2%); sey (35.9%); and sea, seg, and sen (33.3%). This study found for the first time that ST7-t091-selw and ST9-t899-SCCmecXII-selw were the predominant genotypes of S. aureus in pork in China, which indicated the spreading of S. aureus with multiple virulence factors, especially with new SE\/SEl types in pigs and pork, is a serious new challenge for food safety. Good hygiene and good production practices to prevent interspecies transmission and cross-contamination of S. aureus in the pig\u2013pork chain are of great significance to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11244114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:27:30Z","timestamp":1671434850000},"page":"4114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianrong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7903-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollitt, E.J.G., Szkuta, P.T., Burns, N., and Foster, S.J. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007112"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01865-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01865-19","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in swiss pigs and their relation to isolates from farmers and veterinarians","volume":"86","author":"Kittl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1878688","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"69","article-title":"Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.066","article-title":"Development of a reference material for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in cheese: Feasibility study, processing, homogeneity and stability assessment","volume":"168","author":"Zeleny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.050","article-title":"Mechanisms of staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced emesis","volume":"722","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103588","article-title":"A novel staphylococcal enterotoxin SE02 involved in a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak that occurred in Tokyo in 2004","volume":"92","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109366","article-title":"High production of egc2-related staphylococcal enterotoxins caused a food poisoning outbreak","volume":"357","author":"Umeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12460","article-title":"The emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO in a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew","volume":"61","author":"Ono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00661-14","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and identification of a Staphylococcus aureus clone causing food poisoning outbreaks in Japan","volume":"52","author":"Omoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/002790-0","article-title":"Comparative prevalence of superantigenic toxin genes in meticillin-resistant and meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00027-12","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00027-12","article-title":"Identification of a highly transmissible animal-independent Staphylococcus aureus ST398 clone with distinct genomic and cell adhesion properties","volume":"3","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.225.161","article-title":"Superantigenic toxin genes coexist with specific staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"225","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.01.017","article-title":"Characterization of pig-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"201","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0608-8","article-title":"Detection and phylogeny of Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in Taiwan","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.002","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from retail foods","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.002","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals: Current overview","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux007","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects","volume":"41","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.007","article-title":"Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia: An emerging issue?","volume":"45","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01057-13","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of sequence type 398, spa type t571 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an urban jail: A newly emerging, transmissible pathogenic strain","volume":"51","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir181","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US meat and poultry","volume":"52","author":"Waters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.001","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from retail meat in Denmark","volume":"249","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt526","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus ST398 detected in pigs in Australia","volume":"69","author":"Groves","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt499","article-title":"Emergence and molecular characterization of clonal complex 398 (CC398) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in New Zealand","volume":"69","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01363-09","article-title":"Prevalence of ST9 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pigs and pig handlers in Malaysia","volume":"47","author":"Neela","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, J., Imanishi, M., Hinjoy, S., Tharavichitkul, P., Duangsong, K., Davis, M.F., Nelson, K.E., Larsen, A.R., and Skov, R.L. (2012). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in pigs in Thailand. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031245"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00464-10","article-title":"Identification of the novel dfrK-carrying transposon Tn559 in a porcine methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 strain","volume":"54","author":"Kadlec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.12.003","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from slaughter pigs in northeast China","volume":"304","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764105","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.764105","article-title":"Whole-genome epidemiology and characterization of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from retail pork and bulk tank milk in Shandong, China","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.111419","article-title":"Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398, New York and New Jersey, USA","volume":"18","author":"Mediavilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.087","article-title":"Excretion masses and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in typical swine and dairy cattle farms in China","volume":"444","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Li, X., and Yan, H. (2020). Genotypic characteristics and correlation of epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy pigs, diseased pigs, and environment. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120839"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.01.054","article-title":"Gene sequences and specific detection for Panton-Valentine leukocidin","volume":"328","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks329","article-title":"The newly described mecA homologue, mecALGA251, is present in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a diverse range of host species","volume":"67","author":"Paterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.11.003","article-title":"The emergence of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"22","author":"Paterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00165-06","article-title":"Combination of multiplex PCRs for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type assignment: Rapid identification system for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard regions","volume":"51","author":"Kondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1958","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from raw meat samples in Tunisia: Detection of clonal lineage ST398 from the african continent","volume":"12","author":"Chairat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.01.003","article-title":"Genomic investigation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bulk tank milk and dairy cows with clinical mastitis","volume":"215","author":"Ronco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239","article-title":"VFDB 2016: Hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4825(03)00019-2","article-title":"Accurate confidence intervals for binomial proportion and Poisson rate estimation","volume":"33","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.020","article-title":"Genetic diversity and virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw and processed food commodities in Shanghai","volume":"195","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1427","article-title":"Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from animals and retail meat in North Dakota, United States","volume":"10","author":"Buyukcangaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0037","article-title":"Presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in slaughterhouse environment, pigs, carcasses, and workers","volume":"61","author":"Ivbule","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2011.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on retail meat in Iowa","volume":"4","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-341","article-title":"From pig to pork: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain","volume":"76","author":"Lassok","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.10.029","article-title":"MRSA and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. retail meats, 2010\u20132011","volume":"62","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03166-12","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat and humans in Georgia","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1706.101905","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail meat, Detroit, Michigan, USA","volume":"17","author":"Bhargava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanomsridachchai, W., Changkaew, K., Changkwanyeun, R., Prapasawat, W., Intarapuk, A., Fukushima, Y., Yamasamit, N., Flav Kapalamula, T., Nakajima, C., and Suthienkul, O. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from slaughtered pigs and pork in the central region of Thailand. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020206"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Yang, M., Sreevatsan, S., and Davies, P.R. (2015). Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in growing pigs in the USA. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143670"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02082-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02082-20","article-title":"Population analysis of Staphylococcus aureus reveals a cryptic, highly prevalent superantigen SElW that contributes to the pathogenesis of bacteremia","volume":"11","author":"Vrieling","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13462","article-title":"Biological characteristics of staphylococcal enterotoxin Q and its potential risk for food poisoning","volume":"122","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/24\/4114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1760147052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/11\/24\/4114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["foods11244114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11244114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]}}}