{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:42:47Z","timestamp":1787028167813,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2311-B-020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2311-B-020-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2320-B-020-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2320-B-020-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemporary pharmacological studies have reported that freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) can provide a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolemic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of water extract of freshwater clam (WEC) on indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric mucosal cell damage in vitro and gastric ulcer in vivo. The cell viability of rat gastric mucosa RGM-1 cells was markedly decreased by 0.8 mM of IND treatment, and pre-treated with various concentration of WEC significantly restored IND-induced cell damage in a dose-dependent manner. WEC also significantly attenuated the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) p65 nuclear translocation induced by IND. In the in vivo study, IND caused severe gastric ulcer in Wistar rats, while WEC pretreatment effectively reduced the ulcer area and edema in the submucosa. We found that WEC significantly restored glutathione (GSH) content in gastric mucosa in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). The reduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused by IND was also improved with higher doses of WEC administration. Moreover, the overexpression of COX-2, iNOS, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) proteins in gastric mucosa was downregulated by administration of WEC. Consequently, WEC can be used as a potential nutritional supplement to improve NSAIDs-caused gastric mucosal lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1672205427000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Freshwater Clam Extract Attenuates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Damage In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuad Sauqi","family":"Isnain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Bumigora University, Mataram 83127, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Chen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Yun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan"},{"name":"Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6771-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jue-Liang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin Krisna","family":"Wardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8031-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Kuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuna, L., Jakab, J., Smolic, R., Raguz-Lucic, N., Vcev, A., and Smolic, M. 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