{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:34:51Z","timestamp":1789760091199,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008441","name":"Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda para el Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBERCAROT-ref. 112RT0445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBERCAROT-ref. 112RT0445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT)","award":["LCMG grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCMG grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The work describes the carotenoid synthesis process by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422 using an agro-industrial waste as the substrate, seeking a biorefinery platform approach for waste utilization to produce high-value molecules. A culture medium based on goat milk whey (GMW) was optimized via the Taguchi method (L9 array). Four factors (ethanol, carbon and nitrogen source, and pH) were evaluated at three levels. The carbon and nitrogen composition were the factors dominating the process performance. Optimized conditions were validated (Urea, 0.3% w\/v; pH, 4.5; ethanol, 10% v\/v; glucose, 6.0%), and the carotenoid production (4075 \u00b5g\/L) was almost 200% higher than when using the un-optimized process (2058 \u00b5g\/L). Provitamin A carotenoids torulene, \u03b2\u2013carotene, and \u03b3\u2013carotene (different proportions) were produced under all conditions. The hydrolyzed goat milk whey showed promising expectations as a low-cost source for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422. The results are important for the innovative sustainable production of carotenoid-rich matrices for different purposes (nutrition, health promotion, color) and industries (foods, nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, feeds), notably to help to combat vitamin A deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12030658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1675393463000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Microbial Carotenoid Synthesis Optimization in Goat Cheese Whey Using the Robust Taguchi Method: A Sustainable Approach to Help Tackle Vitamin A Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luis Carlos","family":"Mata-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Mapelli-Brahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Morales-Oyervides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Monta\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2018.04.004","article-title":"A global perspective on carote-noids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health","volume":"70","author":"Avalos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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