{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:52:51Z","timestamp":1791287571154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["INST107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INST107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera: Arecaceae) is rich in essential nutrients and possesses several pharmacological and medicinal activities. The current study aimed to optimize a water bath-assisted extraction method for two cultivars of date palm fruits, Anbara (An) and Reziz (Rz), and investigated the protective effect of the optimized date palm fruit extract against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in relation to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA integrity. The optimization process of two date palm fruit cultivars was applied, using response surface methodology through adjusting three \u201cfactors\u201d; time, temperature, and rotation, to allow maximum contents of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), reducing power (FRAP) and scavenging activity (ABTS) of the extract \u201cresponses\u201d. Extraction factors\u2019 application significantly enhanced TPC, TFC, FRAP, and ABTS responses by 1.30, 1.23, 3.03, and 2.06-fold, respectively in An and 2.18, 1.71, 1.11, and 2.62-fold, respectively in Rz, in relation to the convectional water extraction. Furthermore, co-administered CCl4 with An or Rz optimized extracts enhanced body weight gain, amended hepatic architecture, and diminished collagen fiber accumulation. Furthermore, An or Rz extracts reduced liver enzymes, hydroxyproline, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), MDA, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03baB) levels, and DNA fragmentation, while increasing deteriorated adiponectin (ADP) and antioxidant enzyme (GSH, GPX, NO, and IFN-\u03b3) levels, relative to CCl4-administered animals. The protective effects of An or Rz-optimized extracts were also evidenced by suppressing hepatic fibrosis and improving liver function and structure via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, in CCl4-induced hepatic damage. Hence, the optimized extraction process for the two date palm fruits resulted in extracts which are rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents and with an elevated antioxidant power. The presence of these rich extracts could help to explain their proven hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1678761216000},"page":"1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Hepatoprotective Effect of Two Date Palm Fruit Cultivars\u2019 Extracts: Green Optimization of the Extraction Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashi K.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agricultural, Giza 58312, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4309-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Department, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged E.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Science Department, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dashti, Y.A., Holt, R.R., Keen, C.L., and Hackman, R.M. (2021). Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Effects on Vascular Health and Future Research Directions. Int. J. Mol. 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