{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:30:01Z","timestamp":1780446601249,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"US Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01FD004246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01FD004246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"US Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-6060-6-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6060-6-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01FD004246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01FD004246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-6060-6-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6060-6-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Morphine and codeine are the two principal opiates found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and are therapeutically used for pain management. Poppy seeds with low opiates are primarily used for culinary purposes due to their nutritional and sensory attributes. Intentional adulteration of poppy seeds is common, often combined with immature, less expensive, exhausted, or substituted with morphologically similar seeds, viz., amaranth, quinoa, and sesame. For a safer food supply chain, preventive measures must be implemented to mitigate contamination or adulteration. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of P. somniferum and its adulterants is largely unknown. Pre- and post-processing further complicate the alkaloid content and may pose a significant health hazard. To address these issues, two independent methods were investigated with eight botanically verified and fifteen commercial samples. Microscopical features were established for the authenticity of raw poppy seeds. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine quantities ranged from 0.8\u2013223, 0.2\u2013386, and 0.1\u2013176 mg\/kg, respectively, using LC-QToF. In most cases, conventional opiates have a higher content than papaverine and noscapine. The analytical methodology provided a chemical profile of 47 compounds that can be effectively applied to distinguish poppy seeds from their adulterants and may serve as an effective tool to combat ongoing adulteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12071510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T01:35:59Z","timestamp":1680572159000},"page":"1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Applicability of LC-QToF and Microscopical Tools in Combating the Sophisticated, Economically Motivated Adulteration of Poppy Seeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bharathi","family":"Avula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar","family":"Katragunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian John","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7047-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amar G.","family":"Chittiboyina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikhlas A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:AEFTTO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the old world","volume":"57","author":"Merlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. 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