{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:58:44Z","timestamp":1793739524031,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIREZIONE GENERALE UNIVERSITA\u2019, RICERCA E OPEN INNOVATION of the Lombardy Region, Italy","award":["9463 03\/08\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9463 03\/08\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal diseases are oral inflammatory diseases ranging from gingivitis to chronic periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major pathogens responsible for severe and chronic periodontitis. Plant extracts with antimicrobial activity could be considered possible alternatives to chlorhexidine, an antiseptic substance used in oral hygiene thatcan cause bacteria resistance. Here, two commercial extracts obtained from Cistus \u00d7 incanus L. and Scutellaria lateriflora L. were chemically characterized usingUltra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. The extracts were studied for their bioaccessibility after simulated in vitro oral digestion, their antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis, their protective effects against cellular invasion by P. gingivalis, and their antibiofilm activity. The extracts were found to contain very complex mixtures of polyphenols, which were quite stable after in vitro simulated oral digestion and demonstrated mild, dose-dependent inhibitory activity against P. gingivalis growth. This activity increased with the combination of the two extracts. Moreover, the combination of the extracts induced a reduction in P. gingivalis HaCaT invasiveness, and the reduction in biofilm came to around 80%. In conclusion, a combination of C. incanus and S. lateriflora showed promising effects useful in the treatment of gingivitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:33:40Z","timestamp":1682645620000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties and Bioaccessibility after Oral Digestion of Chemically Characterized Extracts Obtained from Cistus \u00d7 incanus L., Scutellaria lateriflora L., and Their Combination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8084-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Di","family":"Minno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE-BiotecnologieAvanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna De","family":"Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Sommella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Giuseppe","family":"Buccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza Francesca De","family":"Lellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham R.","family":"El-Seedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden A. M.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Piccinocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Level 1 Medical Director Anaesthesia and Resuscitation A. U. O. Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy"},{"name":"UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1069-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Campiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Via De Renzi 50, 84125 Salerno, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Daglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"},{"name":"International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.8.1214","article-title":"Periodontal disease and preterm birth: Results of a pilot intervention study","volume":"74","author":"Jeffcoat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060301","article-title":"Periodontal destruction is associated with coronary artery disease and periodontal infection with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Gotsman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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