{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:09:01Z","timestamp":1787656141375,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2019YFC1604904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1604904"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["20192BCD40001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BCD40001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Platform Project of Jiangxi Province","award":["2019YFC1604904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1604904"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Platform Project of Jiangxi Province","award":["20192BCD40001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BCD40001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Platform Project of Jiangxi Province","award":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology in Nanchang University","award":["2019YFC1604904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1604904"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology in Nanchang University","award":["20192BCD40001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192BCD40001"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology in Nanchang University","award":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLF-ZZB-202127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, Anoectochilus formosanus polysaccharide (AFP) was acquired a via water extraction and alcohol precipitation method. The immunoregulatory activity of AFP was first evaluated on cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated mice. Galacturonic acid, glucose and galactose were confirmed to be the main components of AFP. AFP demonstrated the ability to stimulate the production of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Not surprisingly, the activation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway by AFP was validated via Western blot analysis. Furthermore, AFP could alleviate Cy-induced immunosuppression, and significantly enhance the immunity of mice via increasing the thymus index and body weight, stimulating the production of cytokines (IgA, IgG, SIgA, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-\u03b3). The improvement in the intestinal morphology of immunosuppressed mice showed that AFP could alleviate Cy-induced immune toxicity. These results have raised the possibility that AFP may act as a natural immunomodulator. Overall, the study of AFP was innovative and of great significance for AFP\u2019s further application and utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Protective Effect of Anoectochilus formosanus Polysaccharide against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anqi","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3152-1","article-title":"The effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune system: Implications for clinical cancer therapy","volume":"78","author":"Ahlmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.101","article-title":"Protective effects of Ulva pertusa polysaccharide and polysaccharideiron (III) complex on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice","volume":"133","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117876","article-title":"Polysaccharides in natural products that repair the damage to intestinal mucosa caused by cyclophosphamide and their mechanisms: A review","volume":"261","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.06.052","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme protects against immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104057","article-title":"Effects of polysaccharides from bee collected pollen of Chinese wolfberry on immune response and gut microbiota composition in cyclophosphamide-treated mice","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115475","article-title":"Longan pulp polysaccharides relieve intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro by promoting tight junction expression","volume":"229","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besednova, N.N., Zaporozhets, T.S., Kuznetsova, T.A., Makarenkova, I.D., Kryzhanovsky, S.P., Fedyanina, L.N., and Ermakova, S.P. (2020). Extracts and Marine Algae Polysaccharides in Therapy and Prevention of Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestine. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18060289"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.072","article-title":"Comparative study on antidiabetic function of six legume crude polysaccharides","volume":"154","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104545","article-title":"Mulberry leaf-derived polysaccharide modulates the immune response and gut microbiota composition in immunosuppressed mice","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131374","article-title":"Structure of water-soluble polysaccharides in spore of Ganoderma lucidum and their anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"373","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.05.019","article-title":"Chain conformation and anti-tumor activities of phosphorylated (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan from Poria cocos","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.248","article-title":"Extraction of yellow pear residue polysaccharides and effects on immune function and antioxidant activity of immunosuppressed mice","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.217","article-title":"Characterization of Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharide and its therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"179","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00860H","article-title":"The purification, structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide from Anoectochilus roxburghii","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104815","article-title":"Structure and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.128","article-title":"Structural characterization and hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides from Anoectochilus zhejiangensis","volume":"198","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.01.016","article-title":"Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata","volume":"13","author":"Tseng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00807","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Anoectochilus formosanus Extract on Hyperglycemia-Related PD-L1 Expression and Cancer Proliferation","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.042","article-title":"Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides from Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus in STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"112","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115688","article-title":"Fractionation, structure and conformation characterization of polysaccharides from Anoectochilus roxburghii","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103942","article-title":"Immunoenhancement effect of crude polysaccharides of Helvella leucopus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.019","article-title":"Structural characterization of enzymatic modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide and its immune-enhancement activity","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.030","article-title":"Fractionation, physicochemical property and immunological activity of polysaccharides from Cassia obtusifolia","volume":"91","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(73)90377-1","article-title":"New Method for Quantitative Determination of Uranic Acids","volume":"54","author":"Blumenkratz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.06.052","article-title":"Reduction of the fat content of battered and breaded fish balls during deep-fat frying using fermented bamboo shoot dietary fiber","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118194","article-title":"Isolation, structural characterization and anti-oxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide from garlic bolt","volume":"267","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.051","article-title":"Characterization and protective effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Balb\/c mice","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.11.018","article-title":"Polysaccharide from natural Cordyceps sinensis ameliorated intestinal injury and enhanced antioxidant activity in immunosuppressed mice","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10700","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01488E","article-title":"The immunoenhancement effects of starfish Asterias rollestoni polysaccharides in macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mouse models","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.158","article-title":"Chemical modification of pullulan exopolysaccharide by octenyl succinic anhydride: Optimization, physicochemical, structural and functional properties","volume":"164","author":"Yarmand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.02.055","article-title":"Chemical characterization and immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide from Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata in cyclophosphamide-induced anemic mice","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.061","article-title":"Optimisation of pressurised water extraction of polysaccharides from blackcurrant and its antioxidant activity","volume":"194","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.01.017","article-title":"Polysaccharides from raw and cooked chayote modulate macrophage function","volume":"81","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00145","article-title":"Advances in Research on Immunoregulation of Macrophages by Plant Polysaccharides","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00219G","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of an acidic polysaccharide fraction from herbal Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104592","article-title":"An Alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Poria cocos activates RAW264.7 macrophages via NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9459156","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9459156","article-title":"Immunoenhancement of Edible Fungal Polysaccharides (Lentinan, Tremellan, and Pachymaran) on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mouse Model","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"12","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells: Molecular Actions on Effector Cells in Immune Regulation","volume":"2016","author":"Cardenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S318327","article-title":"Role of Goblet Cells in Intestinal Barrier and Mucosal Immunity","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01946K","article-title":"The impacts of natural polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota and immune responses\u2013a review","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.1.299s","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption","volume":"55","author":"Caspary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00703-z","article-title":"The mechanics of crypt morphogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.144","article-title":"Moringa oleifera polysaccharides regulates caecal microbiota and small intestinal metabolic profile in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"182","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Fan, J., Lin, L., Liu, Y., Chai, D., and Yang, J. (2019). Immunomodulatory Effects of Phosphorylated Radix Cyathulae officinalis Polysaccharides in Immunosuppressed Mice. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24224150"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2020.100224","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide in cyclophosphamide induced immunocompromised mice","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(14)60971-0","article-title":"Effect of Fuzheng Jiedu granule on immunological function and level of immune-related cytokines in immune-suppressed mice","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y.P., Feng, B., Zhu, Z.K., Feng, X., Chen, S.F., Li, L.X., Yin, Z.Q., Huang, C., Chen, X.F., and Zhang, B.Z. (2018). The Polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Modulates the Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Immunosuppressed Mice. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071801"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1901","article-title":"The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: Implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design","volume":"6","author":"Waldmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343746","article-title":"IL-6 controls susceptibility to helminth infection by impeding Th2 responsiveness and altering the Treg phenotype in vivo","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128075","article-title":"Post-sepsis immunosuppression depends on NKT cell regulation of mTOR\/IFN-gamma in NK cells","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/9\/1910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:45Z","timestamp":1760124645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/9\/1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods12091910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12091910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]}}}