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Our previous study demonstrated the promising efficacy of ginsenoside Rh4 in improving the intestinal tract and its related metabolites. Meanwhile, many studies in the literature have investigated the gut microbiota and its metabolites, such as bile acids (BAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play a key role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Therefore, this study focused on whether Rh4 could achieve therapeutic effects on NAFLD through the gut\u2013liver axis. The results showed that Rh4 exhibited sound therapeutic effects on the NAFLD model induced by the Western diet and CCl4 in mice. In the liver, the degrees of hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation levels, and bile acid in the liver tissue were improved after Rh4 treatment. At the same time, Rh4 treatment significantly increased the levels of intestinal SCFAs and BAs, and these changes were accompanied by the complementary diversity and composition of intestinal flora. In addition, correlation analysis showed that Rh4 affected the expression of proteins involved in the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway in the liver and intestine, which modulates hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and proteins related to bile acid regulation. In conclusion, our study provides a valuable insight into how Rh4 targets the gut\u2013liver axis for the development of NAFLD, which indicates that Rh4 may be a promising candidate for the clinical therapy of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T01:49:21Z","timestamp":1687830561000},"page":"2492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Ginsenoside Rh4 Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in a Model of NAFLD by Targeting the Gut Liver Axis and Modulating the FXR Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Siming","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Biotechnology & Biomed, Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Biotechnology & Biomed, Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Biotechnology & Biomed, Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Giant Biogene Technology Co., Ltd., No. 20, Zone C, Venture R&D Park, No. 69, Jinye Road, High-tech Zone, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Biotechnology & Biomed, Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daidi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 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