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characteristic phenylpropanoid C6-C3 backbone and account for about one-third of the phenolic compounds in our diet. HCAs are typically associated with various plant cell wall components, including mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, sterols, polyamines, glycoproteins, and lignins. Interestingly, enzymes produced by intestinal microbes liberate HCAs from these associations. HCAs are completely absorbed in their free form upon ingestion and undergo specific reactions upon absorption in the small intestine or liver. The gut epithelium, composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), acts as a physical barrier against harmful bacteria and a site for regulated interactions between bacteria and the gut lumen. Thus, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier is essential for establishing a physiochemical environment conducive to homeostasis. This review summarizes the protective effects of HCAs on the intestinal barrier, achieved through four mechanisms: preserving tight junction proteins (TJPs), modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, exerting antioxidant activity, and regulating the intestinal microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"2636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Biological Activities of p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Maintaining Gut Barrier Integrity and Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zi-Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Ni","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Qing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17429","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200917429","article-title":"Metabolic and Microbial Modulation of the Large Intestine Ecosystem by Non-Absorbed Diet Phenolic Compounds: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Mosele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902107d","article-title":"Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health","volume":"57","author":"Selma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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