{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T22:42:35Z","timestamp":1794264155827,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional printing is one of the most precise manufacturing technologies with a wide variety of applications. Three-dimensional food printing offers potential benefits for food production in terms of modifying texture, personalized nutrition, and adaptation to specific consumers\u2019 needs, among others. It could enable innovative and complex foods to be presented attractively, create uniquely textured foods tailored to patients with dysphagia, and support sustainability by reducing waste, utilizing by-products, and incorporating eco-friendly ingredients. Notable applications to date include, but are not limited to, printing novel shapes and complex geometries from candy, chocolate, or pasta, and bio-printed meats. The main challenges of 3D printing include nutritional quality and manufacturing issues. Currently, little research has explored the impact of 3D food printing on nutrient density, bioaccessibility\/bioavailability, and the impact of matrix integrity loss on diet quality. The technology also faces challenges such as consumer acceptability, food safety and regulatory concerns. Possible adverse health effects due to overconsumption or the ultra-processed nature of 3D printed foods are major potential pitfalls. This review describes the state-of-the-art of 3D food printing technology from a nutritional perspective, highlighting potential applications and current limitations of this technology, and discusses the potential nutritional risks and benefits of 3D food printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T08:45:31Z","timestamp":1693557931000},"page":"3287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Three-Dimensional Printing of Foods: A Critical Review of the Present State in Healthcare Applications, and Potential Risks and Benefits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenxi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mich\u00e8le M.","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Baeghbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent ME4 4TB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stan","family":"Kubow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.06.089","article-title":"An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications","volume":"35","author":"Shahrubudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2017.1326724","article-title":"3D printing trends in building and construction industry: A review","volume":"12","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. 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