{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:44:59Z","timestamp":1793418299279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF), Research and Researchers for Industries (RRi)","award":["PHD59I0093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD59I0093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, and is comprised of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The probiotic efficacy and safety of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium breve for consumption were confirmed by in vitro experiments. The survival rate of the probiotics showed a significant decline in in vitro gut tract simulation; however, the survival rate was more than 50%. Also, the probiotics could adhere to Caco-2 cell lines by more than 90%, inhibit the pathogenic growths, deconjugate glycocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid through activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) proteins, and lower cholesterol levels by over 46%. Regarding safety assessment, L. paracasei and B. breve showed susceptibility to some antibiotics but resistance to vancomycin and were examined as \u03b3-hemolytic strains. Anti-inflammatory properties of B. breve with Caco-2 epithelial cell lines showed the significantly highest value (p &lt; 0.05) for interleukin-10. Furthermore, probiotics and prebiotics (inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides) comprise synbiotics, which have potential effects on the increased abundance of beneficial microbiota, but do not affect the growth of harmful bacteria in feces samples. Moreover, the highest concentration of short chain fatty acid was of acetic acid, followed by propionic and butyric acid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T07:25:22Z","timestamp":1697786722000},"page":"3847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Synbiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium breve, and Prebiotics on the Growth Stimulation of Beneficial Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ekkachai","family":"Kaewarsar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1633-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiyavat","family":"Chaiyasut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5439-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narissara","family":"Lailerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1642-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netnapa","family":"Makhamrueang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sartjin","family":"Peerajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Institute, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasithorn","family":"Sirilun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05136","article-title":"Characterisation of the vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota associated with preterm delivery","volume":"4","author":"Petricevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12459294","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: Mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation","volume":"6","author":"Hemarajata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, P., and Zhang, X. (2021). Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: An effective method to improve immunity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196076"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.06.015","article-title":"Assessment of probiotic properties in lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine","volume":"44","author":"Requena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.07.006","article-title":"An update on probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics in clinical nutrition","volume":"63","author":"Olveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Y Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182549092","article-title":"World gastroenterology organisation global guidelines: Probiotics and prebiotics october 2011","volume":"46","author":"Guarner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez Quintero, D.F., Kok, C.R., and Hutkins, R. (2022). The Future of Synbiotics: Rational Formulation and Design. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.919725"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19579","article-title":"Gut Balance, a synbiotic supplement, increases fecal Lactobacillus paracasei but has little effect on immunity in healthy physically active individuals","volume":"3","author":"West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112308","article-title":"Synbiotics of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 and lactulose enhances production of tryptophan metabolites in fermented human fecal communities","volume":"163","author":"Hashikura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2003592","article-title":"The joint WHO\/FAO expert consultation on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: Process, product and policy implications","volume":"7","author":"Nishida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"291","article-title":"Effect of encapsulation of selected probiotic cell on survival in simulated gastrointestinal tract condition","volume":"36","author":"Ayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3197-8","article-title":"Evaluation of some in vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus fermentum Strains","volume":"55","author":"Panicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2016.03.001","article-title":"Screening of isolated potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria for cholesterol lowering property and bile salt hydrolase activity","volume":"61","author":"Shehata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliphant, K., and Allen-Vercoe, E. (2019). Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: Major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0704-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0025-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in obesity: A link with gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Cani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivi\u00e8re, A., Selak, M., Lantin, D., Leroy, F., and De Vuyst, L. (2016). Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: Importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/sjchbio.2017.1.16","article-title":"Investigation of the potential benefits and risks of probiotics and prebiotics and their synergy in fermented foods","volume":"6","author":"Getahun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singap. J. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"67","article-title":"In vitro Assessment of Some Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from Pickled Garlic","volume":"3","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Qual. Hazards Control."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0162-4","article-title":"Strain-specific probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria and their interference with human intestinal pathogens invasion","volume":"9","author":"Campana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.10.019","article-title":"Potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains from fermented sausages: Further investigations on their probiotic properties","volume":"73","author":"Pennacchia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.10.003","article-title":"Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and Taiwanese pickled cabbage","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9101-3","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolase (Bsh) activity screening of Lactobacilli: In vitro selection of indigenous Lactobacillus strains with potential bile salt hydrolysing and cholesterol-lowering ability","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.4743-4752.2003","article-title":"An in vitro study of the probiotic potential of a bile-salt-hydrolyzing Lactobacillus fermentum strain, and determination of its cholesterol-lowering properties","volume":"69","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"161","article-title":"Method validation for simultaneous determination of cholesterol and cholesterol oxides in milk by RP-HPLC-DAD","volume":"25","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5088-2","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering probiotics: In vitro selection and in vivo testing of bifidobacteria","volume":"97","author":"Bordoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"380316","article-title":"Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: An in vitro investigation","volume":"2014","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) (2012). Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance. EFSA J., 10, 2740.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2740"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasmin, I., Saeed, M., Khan, W.A., Khaliq, A., Chughtai, M.F.J., Iqbal, R., Tehseen, S., Naz, S., Liaqat, A., and Mehmood, T. (2020). In vitro probiotic potential and safety evaluation (hemolytic, cytotoxic activity) of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from raw camel milk. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030354"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1756308","article-title":"Probiotic cell-free supernatants exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity on human gut epithelial cells and macrophages stimulated with LPS","volume":"2018","author":"Sichetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e635","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.635","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus spp. as a preservative and therapeutic agent for IBD control","volume":"10","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaewarsar, E., Chaiyasut, C., Lailerd, N., Makhamrueang, N., Peerajan, S., and Sirilun, S. (2023). Optimization of mixed inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides as prebiotics for stimulation of probiotics growth and function. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12081591"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takagi, R., Sasaki, K., Sasaki, D., Fukuda, I., Tanaka, K., Yoshida, K.-i., Kondo, A., and Osawa, R. (2016). A single-batch fermentation system to simulate human colonic microbiota for high-throughput evaluation of prebiotics. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160533"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Gibson, G.R., and Walton, G.E. (2016). An in vitro approach to study effects of prebiotics and probiotics on the faecal microbiota and selected immune parameters relevant to the elderly. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162604"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7388","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02200-14","article-title":"Prebiotic oligosaccharides: Comparative evaluation using in vitro cultures of infants\u2019 fecal microbiomes","volume":"80","author":"Stiverson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001593","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with the gut microbiota pattern and gastrointestinal characteristics in an adult population","volume":"117","author":"Mitsou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, C., Luukkonen, P., Yki-J\u00e4rvinen, H., Salonen, A., and Korpela, K. (2020). Quantitative PCR provides a simple and accessible method for quantitative microbiota profiling. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227285"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02409.x","article-title":"Development of an extensive set of 16S rDNA-targeted primers for quantification of pathogenic and indigenous bacteria in faecal samples by real-time PCR","volume":"97","author":"Kassinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.031","article-title":"Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children","volume":"22","author":"Ignacio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02408.x","article-title":"Development of a real-time PCR method for Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in faeces and its application to quantify intestinal population of obese and lean pigs","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05605-11","article-title":"Real-time PCR analysis of the intestinal microbiotas in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, N.A., Walker, A.W., Berry, S.H., Duncan, S.H., Farquarson, F.M., Louis, P., Thomson, J.M., Satsangi, J., and Flint, H.J. (2014). The impact of different DNA extraction kits and laboratories upon the assessment of human gut microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088982"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished pharmaceutical products, Annex 10. WHO Expert Comm. Specif. Pharm. Prep., 52, 309\u2013351."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00840a028","article-title":"Circular dichroism spectra of the complexes of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with bovine serum albumin. Evidence for heterogeneity of binding","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somashekaraiah, R., Shruthi, B., Deepthi, B., and Sreenivasa, M. (2019). Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from neera: A naturally fermenting coconut palm nectar. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01382"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, A.A., Pinto-Neto, W.d.P., da Paix\u00e3o, G.A., Santos, D.d.S., De Morais, M.A., and De Souza, R.B. (2022). Journey of the probiotic bacteria: Survival of the fittest. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010095"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.08.001","article-title":"Relevance and challenges in modeling human gastric and small intestinal digestion","volume":"30","author":"Guerra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R.-M., Li, N., Zheng, K., and Hao, J.-F. (2018). Enhancing acid tolerance of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM with trehalose. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 365.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny217"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mau, M.M., Sarker, S., and Terry, B.S. (2021). Ingestible devices for long-term gastrointestinal residency: A review. Prog. Biomed. Eng., 3.","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/ac1731"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, J.W., Simpson, J.B., Roach, J., Kwintkiewicz, J., and Azcarate-Peril, M.A. (2018). Intra-species genomic and physiological variability impact stress resistance in strains of probiotic potential. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00242"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2011.640978","article-title":"Response mechanisms of lactic acid bacteria to alkaline environments: A review","volume":"38","author":"Ouoba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-011-0349-8","article-title":"Probiotic properties of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from local dairy products","volume":"62","author":"Tham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddaji, N., Mahdhi, A.K., Krifi, B., Ismail, M.B., and Bakhrouf, A. (2015). Change in cell surface properties of Lactobacillus casei under heat shock treatment. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 362.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv047"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9396-9","article-title":"Evaluating the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strains from Algerian infant feces: Towards the design of probiotic starter cultures tailored for developing countries","volume":"11","author":"Gheziel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, R., Puniya, A.K., and Shukla, P. (2016). Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum RYPR1 from an indigenous fermented beverage Raabadi. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01683"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08905430701707844","article-title":"In vitro assessment of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus strains from infant gut microflora","volume":"22","author":"Kotsou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.06.013","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism\u2014An evidence-based review","volume":"138","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damodharan, K., Lee, Y.S., Palaniyandi, S.A., Yang, S.H., and Suh, J.-W. (2015). Preliminary probiotic and technological characterization of Pediococcus pentosaceus strain KID7 and in vivo assessment of its cholesterol-lowering activity. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00768"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/08905436.2019.1570853","article-title":"Construction of R16F and D19L mutations in the loop I of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme from Lactobacillus plantarum B14 and structural and functional analysis of the mutant BSHs","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarocki, P., Podle\u015bny, M., Glibowski, P., and Targo\u0144ski, Z. (2014). A new insight into the physiological role of bile salt hydrolase among intestinal bacteria from the genus Bifidobacterium. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114379"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11062499","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: A review of in vivo and in vitro findings","volume":"11","author":"Ooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e37567","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on cholesterol levels in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Momin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Zhang, S., Lu, J., Zhang, C., Pang, X., and Lv, J. (2019). Screening for cholesterol-lowering probiotics from lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn silage based on three hypothesized pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092073"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0084-2","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic resistance in probiotics of dietary supplements","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"12964","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profile of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from humans","volume":"17","author":"Narayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duche, R.T., Singh, A., Wandhare, A.G., Sangwan, V., Sihag, M.K., Nwagu, T.N., Panwar, H., and Ezeogu, L.I. (2023). Antibiotic resistance in potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria of fermented foods and human origin from Nigeria. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02883-0"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gueimonde, M., S\u00e1nchez, B., de los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n, C.G., and Margolles, A. (2013). Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00202"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halder, D., Mandal, M., Chatterjee, S.S., Pal, N.K., and Mandal, S. (2017). Indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus isolates presenting antibiotic like activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Biomedicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines5020031"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.052","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and evaluation of the probiotic potential of a novel Lactobacillus strain isolated from Feta-type cheese","volume":"226","author":"Plessas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.05.014","article-title":"Characterization of the resistome in Lactobacillus genomic sequences from the human gut","volume":"30","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.09.055","article-title":"Probiotic potential, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Enterococcus durans strain LAB18s","volume":"37","author":"Pieniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-017-1258-2","article-title":"In vitro assessment of safety and probiotic potential characteristics of Lactobacillus strains isolated from water buffalo mozzarella cheese","volume":"67","author":"Casarotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choeisoongnern, T., Sirilun, S., Waditee-Sirisattha, R., Pintha, K., Peerajan, S., and Chaiyasut, C. (2021). Potential probiotic Enterococcus faecium OV3-6 and its bioactive peptide as alternative bio-preservation. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102264"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: A door to the body","volume":"12","author":"Cristofori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13602","article-title":"The gut microbiome\u2014Does stool represent right?","volume":"9","author":"Levitan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00561.x","article-title":"In vitro effects of selected synbiotics on the human faecal microbiota composition","volume":"66","author":"Saulnier","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Jeon, D., and Unno, T. (2022). Evaluation of prebiotics through an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation experiment: Further idea on the implementation of machine learning technique. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11162490"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x","article-title":"Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health","volume":"100","author":"Parvez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"193","article-title":"Stability of spray-dried synbiotics containing Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 2648 and exopolysaccharide from Pediococcus acidilactici TISTR 2612 and its vivo effectiveness","volume":"5","author":"Chaiongkarn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Agric. Technol. (JFAT)"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/20\/3847\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:09:07Z","timestamp":1760130547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/20\/3847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods12203847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12203847","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]}}}