{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:28:35Z","timestamp":1791613715257,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ULi\u00e8ge (Fonds sp\u00e9ciaux pour la Recherche et Conseil sectoriel Recherche et Valorisation\u2014Sciences de la Sant\u00e9)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Staphyloccoccus aureus is one of the leading causes of food poisoning outbreaks (FPOs) worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is induced by the ingestion of food containing sufficient levels of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Currently, 33 SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) have been described in the literature, but only five named \u201cclassical\u201d enterotoxins are commonly investigated in FPOs due to lack of specific routine analytical techniques. The aims of this study were to (i) establish the genetic profile of strains in a variety of artisanal cheeses (n = 30) in Belgium, (ii) analyze the expression of the SE(l)s by these strains and (iii) compare the output derived from the different analytical tools. Forty-nine isolates of S. aureus were isolated from ten Belgian artisanal cheeses and were analyzed via microbiological, immunological, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, molecular typing and genetic methods. The results indicated that classical SEs were not the dominant SEs in the Belgian artisanal cheeses that were analyzed in this study, and that all S. aureus isolates harbored at least one gene encoding a new SE(l). Among the new SE(l)s genes found, some of them code for enterotoxins with demonstrated emetic activity and ecg-enterotoxins. It is worth noting that the involvement of some of these new SEs has been demonstrated in SFP outbreaks. Thus, this study highlighted the importance of the development of specific techniques for the proper investigation of SFP outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12214019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:51:28Z","timestamp":1699008688000},"page":"4019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Enterotoxin Gene Profiles and Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Artisanal Cheeses in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rapha\u00eblle","family":"Minutillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhak","family":"Fatihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Cavaiuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatien","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaury","family":"G\u00e9rard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brewing and Food Science Unit, LABIRIS, Avenue Emile Gryzon 1, 1070 Anderlecht, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Taminiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacine","family":"Nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques-Antoine","family":"Hennekinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Daube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Clinquart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, E.L., Otto, M., and Cheung, G.Y.C. (2018). Basis of virulence in enterotoxin-mediated staphylococcal food poisoning. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00436"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2071751","article-title":"Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Mendoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.37919","article-title":"Raw milk cheese as a potential infection source of pathogenic and toxigenic food born pathogens","volume":"41","author":"Cardozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.023","article-title":"Egc Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese","volume":"165","author":"Nero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007951","article-title":"An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: Estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered Skim Milk","volume":"130","author":"Asao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres12010005","article-title":"Large-scale Staphylococcus aureus foodborne disease poisoning outbreak among primary school children","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadariya, J., Smith, T.C., and Thapaliya, D. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/827965"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abril, G.A., Villa, G.T., Barros-Vel\u00e1zquez, J., Ca\u00f1as, B., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, A., Calo-Mata, P., and Carrera, M. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins and their detection in the dairy industry and mastitis. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090537"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.002","article-title":"Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in sheep cheese and dairy desserts by multiplex PCR technique","volume":"142","author":"Ertas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.10.017","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in Norwegian raw milk cheese production","volume":"28","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M2066","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12590","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance traits and molecular subtyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw sheep milk cheese: Staphylococcus aureus drug resistance","volume":"79","author":"Spanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2009.12.007","article-title":"Enumeration of coagulase and thermonuclease-positive Staphylococcus spp. in raw milk and fresh soft cheese: An evaluation of Baird-Parker agar, rabbit plasma fibrinogen agar and the Petrifilm Staph Express Count System","volume":"27","author":"Moraes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21634","article-title":"Graduate Student Literature Review: Enterotoxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococci from Brazilian artisanal raw milk cheeses","volume":"105","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.009","article-title":"The Distribution of enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from nasal carriers and food samples","volume":"117","author":"Kochman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0307.2004.00146.x","article-title":"Cheese Technology","volume":"57","author":"Farkye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard, A., El-Hajjaji, S., Burteau, S., Fall, P.A., Pirard, B., Taminiau, B., Daube, G., and Sindic, M. (2021). Study of the microbial diversity of a panel of Belgian artisanal cheeses associated with challenge studies for Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol., 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103861"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2021.105077","article-title":"Characterisation of conciato romano: One of the oldest Italian cheeses","volume":"120","author":"Blaiotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384947-2.00655-3","article-title":"Staphylococcus: Food poisoning","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Rajkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Encyclopedia of Food and Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipello, V., Bonometti, E., Campagnani, M., Bertoletti, I., Romano, A., Zuccon, F., Campanella, C., Losio, M.N., and Finazzi, G. (2020). Investigation and follow-up of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak linked to the consumption of traditional hand-crafted alm cheese. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121064"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.17221\/131\/2008-CJFS","article-title":"Influence of soft cheese technology on the growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822009000100025","article-title":"Ocurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and multiplex PCR detection of classic enterotoxin genes in cheese and meat products","volume":"40","author":"Pelisser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.027","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats\u2019 milk cheese","volume":"124","author":"Akineden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050949","article-title":"Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom, 1969\u20131990","volume":"110","author":"Wieneke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7030997","article-title":"Further evidence for staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks caused by egc-encoded enterotoxins","volume":"7","author":"Johler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2478\/bvip-2013-0059","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins at different stages of production of raw milk Cheeses\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"57","author":"Rola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning from a military unit lunch party\u2014United States, July 2012","volume":"62","author":"Teague","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1875-1876.2006","article-title":"Presence of a novel DNA methylation enzyme in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with pig farming leads to uninterpretable results in standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis","volume":"44","author":"Bens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47357-0","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in brazilian dairy herds","volume":"56","author":"Rabello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobral, D., Schwarz, S., Bergonier, D., Brisabois, A., Fe\u00dfler, A.T., Gilbert, F.B., Kadlec, K., Lebeau, B., Loisy-Hamon, F., and Treilles, M. (2012). High Throughput multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of Staphylococcus aureus from human, animal and food sources. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033967"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, S., Felix, B., Vingadassalon, N., Grout, J., Hennekinne, J.-A., Guillier, L., Brisabois, A., and Auvray, F. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: Comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00882"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merda, D., Felten, A., Vingadassalon, N., Denayer, S., Titouche, Y., Decastelli, L., Hickey, B., Kourtis, C., Daskalov, H., and Mistou, M.-Y. (2020). NAuRA: Genomic tool to identify staphylococcal enterotoxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for foodborne outbreaks. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01483"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefebvre, D., Blanco-Valle, K., Hennekinne, J.-A., Simon, S., Fenaille, F., Becher, F., and Nia, Y. (2022). Multiplex detection of 24 staphylococcal enterotoxins in culture supernatant using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14040249"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madahi, H., Rostami, F., Rahimi, E., and Safarpoor Dehkordi, F. (2014). Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken nugget in Iran. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.10237"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12571","article-title":"Prevalence of enterotoxins and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from a bakery involved in a second staphylococcal food poisoning occurrence","volume":"117","author":"Hait","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9123","article-title":"Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning among children and staff at a swiss boarding school due to soft cheese made from raw milk","volume":"98","author":"Johler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e9raudet Tarisse, C., Goulard-Huet, C., Nia, Y., Devilliers, K., Marc\u00e9, D., Dambrune, C., Lefebvre, D., Hennekinne, J.-A., and Simon, S. (2021). Highly sensitive and specific detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEG, SEH, and SEI by immunoassay. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020130"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umeda, K., Ono, H.K., Wada, T., Motooka, D., Nakamura, S., Nakamura, H., and Hu, D.-L. (2021). High production of egc2-related staphylococcal enterotoxins caused a food poisoning outbreak. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 357.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109366"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00587-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00587-20","article-title":"Genome sequencing of a historic Staphylococcus aureus collection reveals new enterotoxin genes and sheds light on the evolution and genomic organization of this key virulence gene family","volume":"203","author":"Dicks","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00550-13","article-title":"Emetic Potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins","volume":"81","author":"Omoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12460","article-title":"The emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO in a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew","volume":"61","author":"Ono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7124889","article-title":"Prophage-encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin A: Regulation of production in Staphylococcus aureus strains representing different sea regions","volume":"7","author":"Zeaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6839","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00272-09","article-title":"Diverse enterotoxin gene profiles among clonal complexes of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the Bronx, New York","volume":"75","author":"Varshney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e00777-18","article-title":"Characterization and comparative analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus genomic island vSa\u03b2: An in silico approach","volume":"201","author":"Boss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-19-600","article-title":"Effect of scalding temperature on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and formation of staphylococcal enterotoxin during the production of alpine cheese in a laboratory cheesemaking Model","volume":"83","author":"Schwendimann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12182","article-title":"Enterotoxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products in Italy","volume":"58","author":"Bianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.013","article-title":"Novel multiplex PCR for the detection of the Staphylococcus aureus superantigen and its application to raw meat isolates in Korea","volume":"117","author":"Hwang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2020.1871428","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in food of animal origin and staphylococcal food poisoning risk assessment from farm to table","volume":"20","author":"Grispoldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1021\/bp030070k","article-title":"Antibodies and genetically engineered related molecules: Production and purification","volume":"20","author":"Roque","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2020). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Preparation of Test Samples, Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions for Microbiological Examination\u2014Part 5: Specific Rules for the Preparation of Milk and Milk Products. (Standard No. NF EN ISO 6887-5:2020)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(1999). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for Counting Positive Coagulase Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Other Species)\u2014Part 2: Technique Using Rabbit Plasma and Fibrinogen Agar Medium (Standard No. NF EN ISO 6888-2:1999)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.06.022","article-title":"Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in white cheese by the improved DNA extraction strategy combined with TaqMan and LNA Probe-Based qPCR","volume":"105","author":"Korel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2001). Files Provides General Guidelines for the Preparation of Test Samples, Primary Dilutions and Decimal Dilutions, for the Microbiological Examination of Milk and Dairy Products, Including Infant Formula Foods (Standard No. NF EN ISO 8261:2001)."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2022, June 12). Agence Nationale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire Alomentation, Environnement, Travail (ANSES), Version 2\u2014List of Methods Used in the Field of ANSES National Reference Laboratory\u2019s Missions\u2014Positive coagulase Staphylococci (PCS). Available online: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/Liste%20des%20m%C3%A9thodes-LNR%20SCP.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol. J. Comput. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2023, June 05). Geneious Biologics, Version 10.2.3. Available online: https:\/\/www.geneious.com."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid Prokaryotic Genome Annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1289149","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview","volume":"58","author":"Benkerroum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5540-5546.2005","article-title":"Characterization of novel staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin type P","volume":"73","author":"Omoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03183.x","article-title":"Intralaboratory validation according to the EN ISO 16 140 Standard of the Vidas SET2 detection Kit for use in official controls of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk products","volume":"102","author":"Hennekinne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01602.x","article-title":"Comparison of three immunological methods for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins from food","volume":"39","author":"Bavai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ono, H.K., Hirose, S., Narita, K., Sugiyama, M., Asano, K., Hu, D.-L., and Nakane, A. (2019). Histamine Release from Intestinal Mast Cells Induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) evokes vomiting reflex in common marmoset. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007803"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.6.1264","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin and its Rapid identification in foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay\u2013based Methodology","volume":"68","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2009.06.007","article-title":"Differential temporal expression of the staphylococcal enterotoxins genes during cell growth","volume":"26","author":"Derzelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.005215-0","article-title":"Associations between enterotoxin gene cluster types egc1, egc2 and egc3, agr types, enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like gene profiles, and molecular typing characteristics of human nasal carriage and animal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"58","author":"Collery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.857-862.2002","article-title":"Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and determination of the enterotoxin productivities of S. aureus isolates harboring seg, seh, or sei genes","volume":"40","author":"Omoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chieffi, D., Fanelli, F., Cho, G.-S., Schubert, J., Blaiotta, G., Franz, C.M.A.P., Bania, J., and Fusco, V. (2020). Novel insights into the enterotoxigenic potential and genomic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. Food Microbiol., 90.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103482"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekhloufi, O.A., Chieffi, D., Hammoudi, A., Bensefia, S.A., Fanelli, F., and Fusco, V. (2021). Prevalence, enterotoxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from Algerian ready to eat foods. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120835"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7643","article-title":"Enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus Genotype B as a major contaminant in Swiss raw milk cheese","volume":"97","author":"Hummerjohann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/21\/4019\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:35Z","timestamp":1760130995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/12\/21\/4019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["foods12214019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12214019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}