{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:09:57Z","timestamp":1790914197685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]],"date-time":"2023-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to determine the phenolic constituents, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities of aerial parts and bulbs of Allium lycaonicum (family Amaryllidaceae). Extracts were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet\/infusion using hexane, methanol, and water as extraction solvents. Generally, extracts from the aerial parts showed higher total phenolic and individual components and antioxidant activity than their respective bulb extracts. Maceration with water was the best to extract total phenolic content from the aerial parts (29.00 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g), while the Soxhlet extraction with hexane (22.29 mg GAE\/g) was the best for the bulb. Maceration with methanol recovered the highest total flavonoid content from both the aerial parts (41.95 mg (rutin equivalents (RE)\/g) and bulb (1.83 mg RE\/g). Polar extracts of aerial parts were characterized by higher abundance of kaempferol-3-glucoside (\u226420,624.27 \u00b5g\/mg), hyperoside (\u226419,722.76 \u00b5g\/g), isoquercitrin (\u226417,270.70 \u00b5g\/g), delphindin-3,5-diglucoside (\u226414,625.21 \u00b5g\/g), and rutin (\u226410,901.61 \u00b5g\/g) than the bulb. Aerial parts\u2019 aqueous extract, prepared by maceration, exerted the highest anti-ABTS (2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical activity (64.09 mg trolox equivalents (TE)\/g), Cu++ (83.03 mg TE\/g) and Fe+++ (63.03 mg TE\/g) reducing capacity while that prepared by infusion recorded the highest anti-DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical (31.70 mg TE\/g) and metal chelating (27.66 mg EDTAE\/g) activities. The highest total antioxidant activity (1.46 mmol TE\/g) was obtained by maceration of the bulb with water. Extracts obtained by organic solvents showed remarkable enzyme inhibition properties against the tested enzymes. Soxhlet extraction of the bulb with hexane and methanol recorded the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (4.75 mg galanthamine equivalents (GALAE)\/g) and tyrosinase inhibition (139.95 mg kojic acid equivalents\/g) activities, respectively. Extracts obtained by maceration of the bulb with methanol and the aerial parts with hexane exerted the highest glucosidase inhibition (3.25 mmol acarbose equivalents\/g) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (20.99 mg GALAE\/g) activities, respectively. These data indicated that A. lycaonicum is a source of bioactive molecules with potential antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Nonetheless, the extracts obtained through various solvents and extraction techniques showed variations in their phytoconstituent composition and biological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T08:55:29Z","timestamp":1702889729000},"page":"4507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring for HPLC-MS\/MS Profiles and Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Allium lycaonicum Siehe ex Hayek from Turkey Flora"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakina","family":"Yagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement, Laboratoire Agronomie Environnement, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Nilofar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evren","family":"Yildiztugay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Caprioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9\/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9590-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta","family":"Piatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9\/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Menghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simonetta Cristina","family":"Di Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Chiavaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1375-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9\/B, 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