{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:15:39Z","timestamp":1773962139271,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101.43.44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101.43.44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effect of immersion time of chicken breasts in potato starch (PS) coating containing amino acids (AAs) on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) and to evaluate a possible mechanism to inhibit the formation of PhIP in chicken breasts during frying. The chicken breasts with standardized dimensions were dipped in the potato starch (PS) coating solution containing 0.25% w\/v lysine (Lys) for different times (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). After drying the coating on the chickens, samples were fried at 195 \u00b0C for 7.5 min on each side. Results showed that the immersion time does not significantly decrease (p &lt; 0.05) the PhIP level, suggesting that 15 min immersion time is enough for PhIP reduction compared to the control chicken samples (without coating). Phenylacetaldehyde (PheAce) was increased in chicken breast coated with PS-0.25% Lys after frying, suggesting that there should be another pathway to prevent the formation of PhIP by the addition of PS-0.25% Lys. Volatile compound analysis also confirmed this and showed increases in many aroma compounds in the coated chicken. Moreover, no significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were shown between the cooking loss percentage, color parameters, texture profile, and tenderness of chicken with the PS-0.25% coating and chicken without coating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T07:50:48Z","timestamp":1704873048000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Immersion Time of Chicken Breast in Potato Starch Coating Containing Lysine on PhIP Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Parastou","family":"Farshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayendra","family":"Amamcharla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Getty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3270-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Scott","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.1.39","article-title":"Cancer risk of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods: An analysis and implications for research","volume":"16","author":"Layton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.08.005","article-title":"Analysis of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in pan-fried pork meat and its gravy by liquid chromatography with diode array detection","volume":"113","author":"Janoszka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800689h","article-title":"Quantification of heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried meat by HPTLC\/UV-FLD and HPLC\/UV-FLD: A comparison of two methods","volume":"56","author":"Jautz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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