{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:00:15Z","timestamp":1788836415583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["SXC-2103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXC-2103"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["SXJ-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJ-2301"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["2023KXJ-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KXJ-255"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["2023-YBNY-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBNY-185"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["2024NC-YBXM-179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-179"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["2023-ZDLNY-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZDLNY-36"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["23JC021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC021"]}]},{"name":"Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Re-sources and Eco-Environment","award":["23JC020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["SXC-2103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXC-2103"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["SXJ-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJ-2301"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["2023KXJ-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KXJ-255"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["2023-YBNY-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBNY-185"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["2024NC-YBXM-179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-179"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["2023-ZDLNY-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZDLNY-36"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["23JC021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC021"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province Scientists + Engineers Team Construction Project","award":["23JC020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC020"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["SXC-2103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXC-2103"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["SXJ-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJ-2301"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2023KXJ-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KXJ-255"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2023-YBNY-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBNY-185"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2024NC-YBXM-179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-179"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2023-ZDLNY-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZDLNY-36"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["23JC021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC021"]}]},{"name":"Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["23JC020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC020"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["SXC-2103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXC-2103"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["SXJ-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJ-2301"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023KXJ-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KXJ-255"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023-YBNY-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBNY-185"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024NC-YBXM-179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-179"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023-ZDLNY-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZDLNY-36"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["23JC021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC021"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["23JC020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC020"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["SXC-2103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXC-2103"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["SXJ-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJ-2301"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["2023KXJ-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KXJ-255"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["2023-YBNY-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBNY-185"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["2024NC-YBXM-179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NC-YBXM-179"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["2023-ZDLNY-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZDLNY-36"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["23JC021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC021"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Service Local Special Project","award":["23JC020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JC020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic testicular damage is quite a common and significant complication in diabetic men, which could result in infertility. The natural fertility rate of type 1 diabetes men is only 50% because of testicular damage. This research first aimed to explore the intervention effect of C3G on testicular tissue damage induced by diabetes. Here, a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat model was established, and then C3G was administered. After 8 weeks of C3G supplementation, the symptoms of diabetes (e.g., high blood glucose, lower body weight, polydipsia, polyphagia) were relieved, and at the same time that sperm motility and viability increased, sperm abnormality decreased in C3G-treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, the pathological structure of testis was restored; the fibrosis of the testicular interstitial tissue was inhibited; and the LH, FSH, and testosterone levels were all increased in the C3G-treated groups. Testicular oxidative stress was relieved; serum and testicular inflammatory cytokines levels were significantly decreased in C3G-treated groups; levels of Bax, Caspase-3, TGF-\u03b21 and Smad2\/3 protein in testis decreased; and the level of Bcl-2 was up-regulated in the C3G-treated groups. A possible mechanism might be that C3G improved antioxidant capacity, relieved oxidative stress, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, and inhibited the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and testicular fibrosis, thus promoting the production of testosterone and repair of testicular function. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal that testicular damage could be mitigated by C3G in type 1 diabetic rats. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the application of C3G in male reproductive injury caused by diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T07:56:02Z","timestamp":1709106962000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Protective Effect of Black Rice Cyanidin-3-Glucoside on Testicular Damage in STZ-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4391-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Qinba Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Hanzhong 723000, China"},{"name":"Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Black Organic Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baolong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Black Organic Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Qinba Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Hanzhong 723000, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Guzhongcun Ecological Agriculture Company, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.041","article-title":"A review on prevention of glycation of proteins: Potential therapeutic substances to mitigate the severity of diabetes complications","volume":"195","author":"Sarmah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1016-2","article-title":"Congenital diabetes: Comprehensive genetic testing allows for improved diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and other associated features","volume":"18","author":"Letourneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i6.850","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century","volume":"6","author":"Kharroubi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx033","article-title":"Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia impairs male reproductive function: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Maresch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12097","article-title":"Reproductive function in male patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Vignera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12531","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus causes male reproductive dysfunction: A review of the evidence and mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05286-0","article-title":"Transgenerational inheritance of susceptibility to diabetes-induced male subfertility","volume":"7","author":"Pavlinkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13140","article-title":"The impact of diabetes mellitus type 1 on male fertility: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Facondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013193","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and sperm parameters","volume":"33","author":"Condorelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.150844","article-title":"The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.074","article-title":"Diabetes associated with male reproductive system damages: Onset of presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms and drug intervention","volume":"90","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.11.001","article-title":"Exacerbation of diabetes-induced testicular apoptosis by zinc deficiency is most likely associated with oxidative stress, p38 MAPK activation, and p53 activation in mice","volume":"200","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/157339908783502398","article-title":"Diabetes and the impairment of reproductive function: Possible role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species","volume":"4","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.11.007","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorates testicular damage in diabetic rats by suppressing cellular stress-mediated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum-dependent apoptotic death","volume":"1852","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00268","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and infertility: Different pathophysiological effects in type 1 and type 2 on sperm function","volume":"9","author":"Condorelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nna, V.U., Abu Bakar, A.B., Ahmad, A., Eleazu, C.O., and Mohamed, M. (2019). Oxidative stress, NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in the testes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Combined protective effects of malaysian propolis and metformin. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100465"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.01.047","article-title":"Diosgenin ameliorates testicular damage in streptozotocin-diabetic rats through attenuation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Khosravi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2015.03.006","article-title":"Aminoguanidine mitigates apoptosis, testicular seminiferous tubules damage, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"47","author":"Orman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12015","article-title":"Islet transplantation ameliorates diabetes-induced testicular interstitial fibrosis and is associated with inhibition of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2 pathway in a rat model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41612","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of testicular interstitial fibrosis after vasectomy in humans","volume":"34","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aktuel. Urol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9040723","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin entails blockade of TGF-\u03b21-smad signaling for retarding high glucose-induced mesangial matrix accumulation","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad025","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 induced activations of Smad2 and miRNAs inhibit SF-1- and LRH-1-dependent CYP19 expression in rat Leydig cells","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07771","article-title":"Anthocyanins are converted into anthocyanidins and phenolic acids and effectively absorbed in the jejunum and ileum","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tancharoen, S., Shakya, P., Napkpinit, S., Dararat, P., and Kikuchi, K. (2018). Anthocyanins extracted from oryza sativa L. prevent fluorouracil-induced nuclear factor-\u03ba\u03b2 activation in oral mucositis: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102981"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900876","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of black rice anthocyanin extract regulates cholesterol metabolism and improves gut microbiota dysbiosis in c57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat and cholesterol diet","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00449D","article-title":"Anthocyanins in black rice, soybean and purple corn increase fecal butyric acid and prevent liver inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02181","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-O-\u03b2-glucoside purified from black rice protects mice against hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride via inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00391H","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of black rice anthocyanin on senescent mice induced by D-galactose","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00680","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-glucoside from black rice ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via reducing blood glucose, suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and regulating transforming growth factor \u03b21\/Smad expression","volume":"68","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104062","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-glucoside from black rice prevents renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"72","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00681H","article-title":"Anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) ameliorates diabetic osteoporosis in rats","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.78","article-title":"Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats","volume":"4","author":"Furman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2","article-title":"Testicular biopsy score count-a method for registration of sperma togenesis in human testes: Normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males","volume":"1","author":"Johnsen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Hu, Y., Shao, M., Chen, S., and Qi, S. (2023). Chromium picolinate protects against testicular damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats via anti-Inflammation, anti-oxidation, inhibiting apoptosis, and regulating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad pathway. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28227669"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.137","article-title":"Magnesium valproate ameliorates type 1 diabetes and cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats through estrogen receptors","volume":"97","author":"Rabadiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268968","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1268968","article-title":"Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] improved blood glucose and restored histopathological alterations in splenic tissues in a rat model with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes through CD8+ T cells and NF-k\u03b2 expression","volume":"10","author":"Alblihd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod27.4.891","article-title":"Reproductive system of the obese male zucker rat. Reproductive capacity, artificial insemination and plasma testosterone levels","volume":"27","author":"Edmonds","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113493511","article-title":"Reproductive function of the male obese Zucker rats: Alteration in sperm production and sperm DNA damage","volume":"21","author":"Vendramini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15198","article-title":"Loganin alleviates testicular damage and germ cell apoptosis induced by AGEs upon diabetes mellitus by suppressing the RAGE\/p38MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1554-4","article-title":"Quail (Coturnix japonica) egg yolk bioactive components attenuate streptozotocin-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in diabetic rats","volume":"57","author":"Oladipo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12567","article-title":"Down-regulation of steroidogenesis-related genes and its accompanying fertility decline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats: Ameliorative effect of metformin","volume":"7","author":"Nna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.054","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of adult diabetic rats","volume":"111","author":"Shoorei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq214","article-title":"Analysis of the relationships between oxidative stress, DNA damage and sperm vitality in a patient population: Development of diagnostic criteria","volume":"25","author":"Aitken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_150_18","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: An updated review","volume":"12","author":"Alahmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-018-0012-9","article-title":"Diabetes and sperm DNA damage: Efficacy of antioxidants","volume":"1","author":"Laleethambika","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dkhil, M.A., Zrieq, R., Al-Quraishy, S.A., and Moneim, A.E. (2016). Selenium nanoparticles attenuate oxidative stress and testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111517"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"IE01","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: A review","volume":"11","author":"Asadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20704","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in testicular inflammation: A brief review","volume":"72","author":"Guazzone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"592","article-title":"Serum IL-1beta, IL-2, and IL-6 in insulin-dependent diabetic children","volume":"1","author":"Dogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2018.1482487","article-title":"The relationship between circulating testosterone and inflammatory cytokines in men","volume":"22","author":"Mohamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114139","article-title":"Safflower seed oil improves steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in rats with type II diabetes mellitus by modulating the genes expression involved in steroidogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"275","author":"Nasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111127","article-title":"CysLTR1 antagonism by montelukast can ameliorate diabetes-induced aortic and testicular inflammation","volume":"125","author":"Awad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1543329","article-title":"Diabetes-induced testicular oxidative stress, inflammation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis: The protective role of metformin","volume":"126","author":"Nna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.06.009","article-title":"Protection by sulforaphane from type 1 diabetes-induced testicular apoptosis is associated with the up-regulation of Nrf2 expression and function","volume":"279","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00370-8","article-title":"MicroRNA regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of Leydig cells in diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab018","article-title":"Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis induced testicular dysfunction in diabetic rats: Ameliorative effect of resveratrol","volume":"162","author":"Aly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252530","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/252530","article-title":"Protective effects of scutellarin on type II diabetes mellitus-induced testicular damages related to reactive oxygen species\/Bcl-2\/Bax and reactive oxygen species microcirculation staving pathway in diabetic rat","volume":"2015","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02775-3","article-title":"Human testicular mast cells and fibrosis in infertile men","volume":"76","author":"Cayan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13354","article-title":"Age-related changes in interstitial fibrosis and germ cell degeneration of the canine testis","volume":"53","author":"Bhanmeechao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-017-1122-5","article-title":"Evodiamine ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats via TGF-\u03b21\/smad signaling pathway","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, C.R., Matzkin, M.E., Frungieri, M.B., Terradas, C., Ponzio, R., Puigdomenech, E., Levalle, O., Calandra, R.S., and Gonzalez-Calvar, S.I. (2010). Expression of the TGF-beta1 system in human testicular pathologies. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-148"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/5\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1760105159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/5\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13050727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13050727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}