{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:46:57Z","timestamp":1777614417305,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Program of Yangtze Delta Region Healthy Agriculture Institute","award":["61975174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is a valuable herbal medicine, as well as a dietary food supplement known for its satisfactory clinical efficacy in alleviating blood stasis, reducing swelling, and relieving pain. However, the ability of P. notoginseng to absorb and accumulate cadmium (Cd) poses a significant environmental pollution risk and potential health hazards to humans. In this study, we employed laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the rapid detection of Cd. It is important to note that signal uncertainty can impact the quantification performance of LIBS. Hence, we proposed the crater\u2013spectrum feature fusion method, which comprises ablation crater morphology compensation and characteristic peak ratio correction (CPRC), to explore the feasibility of signal uncertainty reduction. The crater morphology compensation method, namely, adding variables using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, decreased the root-mean-square error of the prediction set (RMSEP) from 7.0233 \u03bcg\/g to 5.4043 \u03bcg\/g. The prediction results were achieved after CPRC pretreatment using the calibration curve model with an RMSEP of 3.4980 \u03bcg\/g, a limit of detection of 1.92 \u03bcg\/g, and a limit of quantification of 6.41 \u03bcg\/g. The crater\u2013spectrum feature fusion method reached the lowest RMSEP of 2.8556 \u03bcg\/g, based on a least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model. The preliminary results suggest the effectiveness of the crater\u2013spectrum feature fusion method for detecting Cd. Furthermore, this method has the potential to be extended to detect other toxic metals in addition to Cd, which significantly contributes to ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13071083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1711950163000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Crater\u2013Spectrum Feature Fusion Method for Panax notoginseng Cadmium Detection Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rongqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengkai","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0266-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-022-01356-8","article-title":"Rapid determination of cadmium in Panax notoginseng using NCDs quantum carbon dots-aptamer fluorescence sensor","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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