{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:41:01Z","timestamp":1781286061299,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102032"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SWU-KT22047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22047"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["X202210635097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202210635097"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["S202310635127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310635127"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["32102032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102032"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SWU-KT22047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22047"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["X202210635097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202210635097"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["S202310635127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310635127"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students","award":["32102032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102032"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students","award":["SWU-KT22047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22047"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students","award":["X202210635097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X202210635097"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students","award":["S202310635127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310635127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fresh-cut vegetables are widely consumed, but there is no food preservative available to selectively inhibit vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, which is a serious health menace in fresh-cut vegetables. To develop a promising food biopreservative, a bacteriocin, paracin wx7, was synthesized, showing selective inhibition against E. faecalis with MIC values of 4\u20138 \u03bcM. It showed instant bactericidal mode within 1 h at high concentrations with concomitant cell lysis against vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis. Its lethal effect was visualized in a dose-dependent manner by PI\/SYTO9 staining observation. The results of an in vivo control experiment carried out on E. faecalis in fresh-cut lettuce showed that 99.97% of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis were dead after 64 \u03bcM paracin wx7 treatment for 7 days without influencing total bacteria. Further, the action mechanism of paracin wx7 was investigated. Confocal microscopy showed that paracin wx7 was located both on the cell envelope and in cytoplasm. For the cell envelope, the studies of membrane permeability using SYTOX Green dyeing and DNA leakage revealed that paracin wx7 damaged the membrane integrity of E. faecalis. Simultaneously, it exhibited membrane depolarization after analysis using DiSC3(5). Damage to the cell envelope resulted in cell deformation observed by scanning electron microscopy. On entering the cytoplasm, the paracin wx7 induced the production of endogenous reactive oxygen species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13101448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T09:58:56Z","timestamp":1715162336000},"page":"1448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antibacterial Activity and Action Mechanism of Bacteriocin Paracin wx7 as a Selective Biopreservative against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Fresh-Cut Lettuce"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5263-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanhua","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Logistics Preservation and Nutritional Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827547","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2827547","article-title":"Effects of Traditional and Novel Cooking Processes on the Nutritional and Bioactive Profile of Brassica oleracea (Kale)","volume":"2023","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166753","article-title":"Simultaneous stream assessment of antibiotics, bacteria, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in an agricultural region of the United States","volume":"904","author":"Givens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106867","article-title":"Virulence patterns and prevalence of seven Enterococcus species isolated from meats and leafy vegetables in South Korea","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317915","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2317915","article-title":"ESKAPE in China: Epidemiology and characteristics of antibiotic resistance","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309969","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2309969","article-title":"Comparison of morbidity and mortality after bloodstream infection with vancomycin-resistant versus -susceptible Enterococcus faecium: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark, 2010\u20132019","volume":"13","author":"Bager","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e53594","article-title":"Study on Biofilm Formation Among Enterococcus Isolates and Association with Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns","volume":"16","author":"Nair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, F.B., Islam, M.S., Ullah, M.A., Rana, M.L., Punom, S.A., Neloy, F.H., Chowdhury, M.N.U., Hassan, J., Siddique, M.P., and Saha, S. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Determinants, and Biofilm Formation in Enterococci Isolated from Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): A Potential Threat for Wildlife in Bangladesh?. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142268"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amuasi, G.R., Dsani, E., Owusu-Nyantakyi, C., Owusu, F.A., Mohktar, Q., Nilsson, P., Adu, B., Hendriksen, R.S., and Egyir, B. (2023). Enterococcus species: Insights into antimicrobial resistance and whole-genome features of isolates recovered from livestock and raw meat in Ghana. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1254896"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morandi, S., Silvetti, T., Lopreiato, V., Piccioli-Cappelli, F., Trevisi, E., and Brasca, M. (2024). Biodiversity and antibiotic resistance profile provide new evidence for a different origin of Enterococci in bovine raw milk and feces. Food Microbiol., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104492"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Kharousi, Z.S., Guizani, N., Al-Sadi, A.M., and Al-Bulushi, I.M. (2022). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fresh Produce-Associated Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci in Oman. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11193085"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.001","article-title":"Does organically produced lettuce harbor higher abundance of antibiotic resistance genes than conventionally produced?","volume":"98","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16906","article-title":"Utilizing functional genomics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to characterize food preservative compounds: A pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26273","article-title":"Determining food safety in canned food using fuzzy logic based on sulphur dioxide, benzoic acid and sorbic acid concentration","volume":"10","author":"Mavani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.W., Wilson, A.G., Peck, G.M., Gibney, P.A., and Hodge, K.T. (2024). Patulin contamination of hard apple cider by Paecilomyces niveus and other postharvest apple pathogens: Assessing risk factors. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 412.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110545"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230223","DOI":"10.1007\/s42832-023-0223-1","article-title":"Enhancement of beneficial microbiomes in plant-soil continuums through organic fertilization: Insights into the composition and multifunctionality","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258565","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2258565","article-title":"The edible plant microbiome: Evidence for the occurrence of fruit and vegetable bacteria in the human gut","volume":"15","author":"Wicaksono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123918","article-title":"Anionic liposome formulation for oral delivery of thuricin CD, a potential antimicrobial peptide therapeutic","volume":"654","author":"Ratrey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X.R., Nie, K., Xu, Y.L., Zhang, H.B., Xie, F., Xu, L.M., Zhang, Z.Y., Ding, Y.Y., Yin, Z.J., and Zhang, X.D. (2023). Fecal Microbial Structure and Metabolic Profile in Post-Weaning Diarrheic Piglets. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14061166"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daba, G.M., and Elkhateeb, W.A. (2024). Ribosomally synthesized bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria: Simplicity yet having wide potentials\u2014A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 256.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128325"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Lee, E.S., Kim, B.M., Ham, J.S., and Oh, M.H. (2024). Simple Purification and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacteriocin-like Inhibitory Substance from Bacillus Species for the Biopreservation of Cheese. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13010010"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111392","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide zp37 inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 in alfalfa sprouts by inflicting damage in cell membrane and binding to DNA","volume":"146","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106747","article-title":"Within-host resistance evolution of a fatal ST11 hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"61","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.03.038","article-title":"A novel bacteriocin BMP11 and its antibacterial mechanism on cell envelope of Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii","volume":"91","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14305","article-title":"Application of Cudrania tricuspidata leaf extract as a washing agent to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut romaine lettuce and kale","volume":"55","author":"Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.017","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of lavandulylated flavonoids in Sophora flavences against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via membrane disruption","volume":"57","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.090","article-title":"Purification, characterization and mode of action of enterocin, a novel bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium TJUQ1","volume":"144","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.12.001","article-title":"Interaction of a copper(II)-Schiff base complexes with calf thymus DNA and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"48","author":"Sabolova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.05.006","article-title":"Flow cytometry as a potential method of measuring bacterial viability in probiotic products: A review","volume":"78","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304437","DOI":"10.1080\/10667857.2024.2304437","article-title":"Fabrication of drugs loaded UiO-66 nanoparticles loaded core-shell nanofibers: Investigation of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction in lung cancer cells","volume":"39","author":"Chinnathambi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tempone, A.G., Theodoro, R.D., Romanelli, M.M., Ferreira, D.A.S., Amaral, M., de Assis, L.R., Cruz, L.M.S., Costa, A.R., Zanella, R.C., and Christodoulides, M. (2022). A new reduced chalcone-derivative affects the membrane permeability and electric potential of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 365.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110086"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2023-0168","article-title":"Anti-Staphylococcus aureus effects of natural antimicrobial peptides and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boix-Lemonche, G., Lekka, M., and Skerlavaj, B. (2020). A Rapid Fluorescence-Based Microplate Assay to Investigate the Interaction of Membrane Active Antimicrobial Peptides with Whole Gram-Positive Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020092"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100749","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100749","article-title":"Plant Natural Flavonoids Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1086\/381972","article-title":"Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections","volume":"38","author":"Pankey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9095-x","article-title":"Comparison of the Potency of the Lipid II Targeting Antimicrobials Nisin, Lacticin 3147 and Vancomycin Against Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Iancu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liang, S.Y., Lu, X.F., Xu, Q., Zhu, Y., Yu, S.Y., Zhang, W.J., Liu, S.G., and Xie, F. (2023). Bacteriophage endolysin Ply113 as a potent antibacterial agent against polymicrobial biofilms formed by Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1304932"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.005","article-title":"The structure-mechanism relationship and mode of actions of antimicrobial peptides: A review","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41156-2","article-title":"Visualizing the membrane disruption action of antimicrobial peptides by cryo-electron tomography","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02357-4","article-title":"Revisiting the Multifaceted Roles of Bacteriocins","volume":"87","author":"Arbulu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sessa, L., Concilio, S., Marrafino, F., Sarkar, A., Diana, R., and Piotto, S. (2023). Theoretical investigation of hydroxylated analogues of valinomycin as potassium transporter. Comput. Biol. Chem., 106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2023.107936"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112809","article-title":"CuFeS2 nanozyme regulating ROS\/GSH redox induces ferroptosis-like death in bacteria for robust anti-infection therapy","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Des."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/10\/1448\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:32Z","timestamp":1760107292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/10\/1448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13101448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13101448","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]}}}