{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1782440012557,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)"},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bixin is the main carotenoid found in the outer portion of the seeds of Bixa orellana L., commercially known as annatto. This compound is industrially employed in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food formulations as a natural dye to replace chemical additives. This study aimed to extract bixin from annatto seeds and obtain encapsulated bixin in a powder form, using freeze-drying encapsulation and maltodextrin as encapsulating agent. Bixin was extracted from annatto seeds employing successive washing with organic solvents, specifically hexane and methanol (1:1 v\/v), followed by ethyl acetate and dichloromethane for subsequent washes, to effectively remove impurities and enhance bixin purity, and subsequent purification by crystallization, reaching 1.5 \u00b1 0.2% yield (or approximately 15 mg of bixin per gram of seeds). Bixin was analyzed spectrophotometrically in different organic solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, hexane), and the solvents chosen were chloroform (used to solubilize bixin during microencapsulation) and hexane (used for spectrophotometric determination of bixin). Bixin was encapsulated according to a 22 experimental design to investigate the influence of the concentration of maltodextrin (20 to 40%) and bixin-to-matrix ratio (1:20 to 1:40) on the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and solubility of the encapsulated powder. Higher encapsulation efficiency was obtained at a maltodextrin concentration of 40% w\/v and a bixin\/maltodextrin ratio of 1:20, while higher solubility was observed at a maltodextrin concentration of 20% w\/v for the same bixin\/maltodextrin ratio. The encapsulation of this carotenoid by means of freeze-drying is thus recognized as an innovative and promising approach to improve its stability for further processing in pharmaceutical and food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T09:04:25Z","timestamp":1716455065000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["From Extraction to Stabilization: Employing a 22 Experimental Design in Developing Nutraceutical-Grade Bixin from Bixa orellana L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine L.","family":"Luna-Finkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aral\u00ed da C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center of Vit\u00f3ria, Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Alto do Reservat\u00f3rio, s\/n, Bela Vista, Vit\u00f3ria de Santo Ant\u00e3o  55608-250, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco C. A.","family":"de Aguiar J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center of Vit\u00f3ria, Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Alto do Reservat\u00f3rio, s\/n, Bela Vista, Vit\u00f3ria de Santo Ant\u00e3o  55608-250, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"de Melo Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C\/Professor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.53365\/nrfhh\/161027","article-title":"A review of Bixa orellana L. (Annatto) leaves as medicinal resource: Use in the population as complementary medicine, phytotherapeutic action and quality parameters","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Hum. 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