{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1794316176788,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Economic Development in the Programma Operativo Nazionale","award":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"]}]},{"name":"Agritech National Research Center","award":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"]}]},{"name":"European Union Next-Generation EU","award":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FESR\u2014F\/050119\/03\/X32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is influenced by light spectrum, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and the photoperiod. To investigate the effects of different lighting on growth, chlorophyll content, and secondary metabolism, basil plants were grown from seedlings to fully expanded plants in microcosm devices under different light conditions: (a) white light at 250 and 380 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121 under 16\/8 h light\/dark and (b) white light at 380 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121 under 16\/8 and 24\/0 h light\/dark. A higher yield was recorded under 380 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121 compared to 250 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121 (fresh and dry biomasses 260.6 \u00b1 11.3 g vs. 144.9 \u00b1 14.6 g and 34.1 \u00b1 2.6 g vs. 13.2 \u00b1 1.4 g, respectively), but not under longer photoperiods. No differences in plant height and chlorophyll content index were recorded, regardless of the PPFD level and photoperiod length. Almost the same volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected under the different lighting treatments, belonging to terpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and ketones. Linalool, eucalyptol, and eugenol were the main VOCs regardless of the lighting conditions. The multivariate data analysis showed a sharp separation of non-volatile metabolites in apical and middle leaves, but this was not related to different PPFD levels. Higher levels of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes were detected in plants grown under 250 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121 and 380 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121, respectively. A low separation of non-volatile metabolites based on the photoperiod length and VOC overexpression under longer photoperiods were also highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1721321736000},"page":"2273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Light Flux Density and Photoperiod Affect Growth and Secondary Metabolism in Fully Expanded Basil Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"d\u2019Aquino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Portici Research Centre, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1501-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Malorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bodhuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOS S.p.A., Via E. Melen 77, 16152 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Gambale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Portici Research Centre, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sighicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, Santa Maria di Galeria, 00060 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5070-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigida","family":"Della Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Matarazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Piacente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Montoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Benke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. 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