{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:51:00Z","timestamp":1789577460633,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad EAN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chloropropanols, their fatty acid esters, and glycidol and its fatty acid esters (GEs) are process contaminants in foods that pose potential health risks. These contaminants typically arise during the deodorization process of vegetable oils, particularly in high concentrations within oils like palm oil and products derived from them, such as margarine, baked goods, pastries, and infant formula. Chloropropanol esters and GE can hydrolyze under the influence of lipases, forming chloropropanols. Elevated temperatures during food production can lead to the release of free 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) or free 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) in products containing both fat and salt. The exposure to these contaminants, especially for infants and young children, raises concerns about potential health hazards. While extensive research has focused on 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and GE, knowledge regarding other chloropropanols such as 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP), and their fatty acid esters remains limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview encompassing formation mechanisms, analysis methods, toxicological implications, occurrence patterns, exposure levels, mitigation strategies, and legislative considerations concerning these contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T03:55:17Z","timestamp":1726026917000},"page":"2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chloropropanols and Their Esters in Food: An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gizem","family":"Ozluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Curbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11\u201345, Bogot\u00e1 110221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7816-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Kabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey"},{"name":"Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2016). 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Technical Report Series No 15, Available online: https:\/\/www.foodstandards.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Documents\/Chloropropanol%20Report%20(no%20appendices)%20-%2011%20Sep%2003b-2.pdf."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:53:32Z","timestamp":1760111612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13182876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13182876","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}}}