{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:19:12Z","timestamp":1793042352211,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024MD753994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MD753994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51052401549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51052401549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianchi Talent Project in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2024MD753994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MD753994"]}]},{"name":"Tianchi Talent Project in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["51052401549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51052401549"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen annually, yet due to the intricacies of its pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges, there remains no definitive medication for this condition. This review explores the intricate relationship between the intestinal microbiome and the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the substantial roles played by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. These probiotics manipulate lipid synthesis genes and phosphorylated proteins through pathways such as the AMPK\/Nrf2, LPS-TLR4-NF-\u03baB, AMPK\u03b1\/PGC-1\u03b1, SREBP-1\/FAS, and SREBP-1\/ACC signaling pathways to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, key components of NAFLD progression. By modifying the intestinal microbial composition and abundance, they combat the overgrowth of harmful bacteria, alleviating the inflammatory response precipitated by dysbiosis and bolstering the intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, they participate in cellular immune regulation, including CD4+ T cells and Treg cells, to suppress systemic inflammation. L. plantarum and B. bifidum also modulate lipid metabolism and immune reactions by adjusting gut metabolites, including propionic and butyric acids, which inhibit liver inflammation and fat deposition. The capacity of probiotics to modulate lipid metabolism, immune responses, and gut microbiota presents an innovative therapeutic strategy. With a global increase in NAFLD prevalence, these insights propose a promising natural method to decelerate disease progression, avert liver damage, and tackle associated metabolic issues, significantly advancing microbiome-focused treatments for NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1727066728000},"page":"2992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Probiotics and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Unveiling the Mechanisms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum in Modulating Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, and Intestinal Barrier Integrity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilireba","family":"Shataer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.5370","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review","volume":"313","author":"Rinella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.019984","article-title":"Long term prognosis of fatty liver: Risk of chronic liver disease and death","volume":"53","author":"Franzmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(01)00524-1","article-title":"Alfred Knudson and his two-hit hypothesis. (Interview by Ezzie Hutchinson)","volume":"2","author":"Knudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8591","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15058591","article-title":"Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of NASH: Beyond steatosis and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Peverill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziolkowska, S., Binienda, A., Jab\u0142kowski, M., Szemraj, J., and Czarny, P. (2021). The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011128"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.015","article-title":"Metabolomic Identification of Subtypes of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"152","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31518","article-title":"Multiple Parallel Hits Hypothesis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Revisited after a Decade","volume":"73","author":"Tilg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012","article-title":"The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"65","author":"Buzzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005","article-title":"Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"149","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.04.013","article-title":"Community-based lifestyle modification programme for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0645-9","article-title":"Mechanistic and therapeutic advances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.049","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Modulating Gut Microbiota to Improve Severity?","volume":"158","author":"Warmbrunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2023.01.004","article-title":"Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and the Gut Microbiota","volume":"52","author":"Barber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Zeng, Z., and Yu, Y. (2024). Role of Probiotics in Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mouse Model: A Comparative Study. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12051020"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1139\/y98-049","article-title":"The gut as a potential trigger of exercise-induced inflammatory responses","volume":"76","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2004.04.001","article-title":"Harnessing the catabolic diversity of rhodococci for environmental and biotechnological applications","volume":"7","author":"Dijkhuizen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00080","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Function-Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Interactions and Possible Role of Gut Microbiota","volume":"67","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16256","article-title":"Use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Rong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagashimada, M., and Honda, M. (2021). Effect of Microbiome on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Biogenics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158008"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Li, C., Luan, Z., Chen, J., Wang, C., Jing, Y., Qi, S., Zhao, Z., Zhang, H., and Wu, J. (2023). Lactobacillus oris improves non-alcoholic fatty liver in mice and inhibits endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38530-x"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, H., Tao, F., Peng, L., Chen, S., Ren, Z., Chen, J., Yu, B., Wei, H., and Wan, C. (2023). In Vitro Probiotic Properties of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis SF and Its Alleviating Effect on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061355"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1887-4","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hizo, G.H., and Rampelotto, P.H. (2024). The Impact of Probiotic Bifidobacterium on Liver Diseases and the Microbiota. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020239"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, H.C., Zhang, X., Ji, F., Lin, Y., Liang, W., Li, Q., Chen, D., Fong, W., Kang, X., and Liu, W. (2024). Lactobacillus acidophilus suppresses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma through producing valeric acid. EBioMedicine, 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104952"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werlinger, P., Nguyen, H.T., Gu, M., Cho, J.H., Cheng, J., and Suh, J.W. (2022). Lactobacillus reuteri MJM60668 Prevent Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Anti-Adipogenesis and Anti-inflammatory Pathway. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112203"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2310.10026","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSR330 in Mice with High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudan, A., Koz\u0142owska-Petriczko, K., Wunsch, E., Bodnarczuk, T., and Stachowska, E. (2023). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: What Do We Know in 2023?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061323"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27635","article-title":"Interaction of gut microbiota with dysregulation of bile acids in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential therapeutic implications of probiotics","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.56214","article-title":"Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezzino, S., Sofia, M., Mazzone, C., Litrico, G., Agosta, M., La Greca, G., and Latteri, S. (2024). Exploring public interest in gut microbiome dysbiosis, NAFLD, and probiotics using Google Trends. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50190-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., and Balamurugan, R. (2020). The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051474"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0061-3","article-title":"Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women","volume":"24","author":"Hoyles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005","article-title":"Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development","volume":"71","author":"Mouries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, C., Zhou, X., Xia, F., and Zhou, B. (2024). Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Gut Microbiota in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Assessment, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Considerations. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13040243"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallianou, N., Christodoulatos, G.S., Karampela, I., Tsilingiris, D., Magkos, F., Stratigou, T., Kounatidis, D., and Dalamaga, M. (2021). Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010056"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Yu, C.H., Li, X.J., Yao, J.M., Fang, Z.Y., Yoon, S.H., and Yu, W.Y. (2022). Gut dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.997018"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09843-z","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and gut microbial dysbiosis-underlying mechanisms and gut microbiota mediated treatment strategies","volume":"24","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107851","article-title":"Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities","volume":"308","author":"Tringe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319290011","article-title":"Gut-liver axis and microbiota in NAFLD: Insight pathophysiology for novel therapeutic target","volume":"19","author":"Miele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.02.018","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is insulin resistance the link?","volume":"418","author":"Asrih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, X., Hou, H., Zhang, W., Liu, T., Li, Y., Wang, S., Wang, B., and Cao, H. (2020). Microbial Metabolites: Critical Regulators in NAFLD. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.567654"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiu002","article-title":"Altered gut microbial energy and metabolism in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"91","author":"Michail","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150416120351","article-title":"Targeting the Gut Microbiota for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"16","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b","article-title":"Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression","volume":"28","author":"Corbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.8.2607","article-title":"Choline uptake in human intestinal Caco-2 cells is carrier-mediated","volume":"133","author":"Kamath","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.049","article-title":"Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency","volume":"140","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3893","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311","article-title":"CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein","volume":"249","author":"Wright","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llewellyn, A., and Foey, A. (2017). Probiotic Modulation of Innate Cell Pathogen Sensing and Signaling Events. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101156"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, O., van Berkel, L.A., Chain, F., Tanweer Khan, M., Taverne, N., Sokol, H., Duncan, S.H., Flint, H.J., Harmsen, H.J., and Langella, P. (2016). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165 has a high capacity to induce IL-10 in human and murine dendritic cells and modulates T cell responses. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18507"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307649","article-title":"Identification of an anti-inflammatory protein from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium deficient in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Maubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007234","article-title":"Pre-epithelial mucus layer in the colon of conventional and germ-free rats","volume":"22","author":"Szentkuti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.001","article-title":"A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"239","author":"Than","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L.H., Yao, D.H., Wang, L.Y., Zhang, L., and Bai, X.L. (2021). Gut Microbiome-Mediated Alteration of Immunity, Inflammation, and Metabolism Involved in the Regulation of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.761836"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, J., Zhou, H., and Yang, C. (2024). Efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03356-y"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X16645055","article-title":"Probiotics modify tight-junction proteins in an animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Briskey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800978","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800978","article-title":"Lactobacillus sakei Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Anxiety in Mice by Inducing AMPK Activation and SIRT1 Expression and Inhibiting Gut Microbiota-Mediated NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"63","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9264-z","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Probiotic and Food Potentialities","volume":"9","author":"Seddik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103439","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus plantarum WW-fermented soy extract on rat fatty liver via the PPAR signaling pathway","volume":"60","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E.J., Lee, Y.S., Kim, S.M., Park, G.S., Lee, Y.H., Jeong, D.Y., Kang, J., and Lee, H.J. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High Fat\/High Fructose Diet-Fed Rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020542"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riezu-Boj, J.I., Barajas, M., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, T., Pajares, M.J., Ara\u00f1a, M., Milagro, F.I., and Urtasun, R. (2022). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM20174 Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota, Improving Metabolic Risk Factors, and Attenuating Adipose Inflammation. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245212"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10633-9","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum NA136 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota, improving intestinal barrier integrity, and attenuating inflammation","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09703-4","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum NA136 improves the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the AMPK\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00549J","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 improves liver function, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in rats with high fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.Y., An, M., Heo, H., Park, J.Y., Lee, J., and Kang, C.H. (2023). Limosilactobacillus fermentum MG4294 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG5289 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15082005"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Liu, H., Luo, X., Lui, L., Fan, J., Xing, Y., Wang, J., Qiao, X., Li, N., and Wang, G. (2023). Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-diet-fed rats. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1146672"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.04.034","article-title":"Yogurt-derived Lactobacillus plantarum Q16 alleviated high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.039","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of PPAR\u03b1 action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, F., Ding, Q., Zhuge, H., Lai, S., Chang, K., Le, C., Yang, G., Valencak, T.G., Li, S., and Ren, D. (2022). Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice in association with modulation in the gut microbiota. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1071284"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1479","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Huang, D., Dong, Z., Wang, X., Ning, M., Xia, J., Shen, S., Wu, S., Shi, Y., and Wang, J. (2022). FXR Signaling-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism Is Critical for Alleviation of Cholesterol Gallstones by Lactobacillus Strains. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00518-22"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan, A., and van Sinderen, D. (2016). Bifidobacteria and Their Role as Members of the Human Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00925"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J. (2023). Diet Modulates Gut Microbiome and Metabolites in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Cancer, Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-4492-5"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.62150","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut microbiome of children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Which strains act as health players?","volume":"14","author":"Nobili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayob, N., Muhammad Nawawi, K.N., Mohamad Nor, M.H., Raja Ali, R.A., Ahmad, H.F., Oon, S.F., and Mohd Mokhtar, N. (2023). The Effects of Probiotics on Small Intestinal Microbiota Composition, Inflammatory Cytokines and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020640"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzatti, G., Lopetuso, L.R., Gibiino, G., Binda, C., and Gasbarrini, A. (2017). Proteobacteria: A Common Factor in Human Diseases. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9351507"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i40.6911","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.068890","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Eslamparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800420942942","article-title":"Oral Probiotic Bifidobacterium Longum Supplementation Improves Metabolic Parameters and Alters the Expression of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Obese Mice Liver","volume":"23","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469059","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/469059","article-title":"Dietary blueberry and bifidobacteria attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by affecting SIRT1-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"2014","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.031","article-title":"Anti-obese effects of two Lactobacilli and two Bifidobacteria on ICR mice fed on a high fat diet","volume":"480","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, M.H., Oh, M.J., Lee, H.B., Kang, C.H., Yoo, G., and Park, H.Y. (2022). Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis MG741 Reduces Body Weight and Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Improving the Gut Permeability and Amelioration of Inflammatory Cytokines. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091965"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01038-y","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00180E","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum DD98 in type 2 diabetes model of mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G., Yoon, Y., Park, J.H., Park, J.W., Noh, M.G., Kim, H., Park, C., Kwon, H., Park, J.H., and Kim, Y. (2022). Bifidobacterial carbohydrate\/nucleoside metabolism enhances oxidative phosphorylation in white adipose tissue to protect against diet-induced obesity. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01374-0"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00791-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00791-19","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum R0175 Protects Rats against d-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-38","article-title":"Supplementation with probiotics modifies gut flora and attenuates liver fat accumulation in rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S.J., Yu, J.S., Min, B.H., Gupta, H., Won, S.M., Park, H.J., Han, S.H., Kim, B.Y., Kim, K.H., and Kim, B.K. (2023). Bifidobacterium-derived short-chain fatty acids and indole compounds attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut-liver axis. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1129904"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Jiao, T., Yu, Q., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., and Chen, W. (2021). Bifidobacterium bifidum Shows More Diversified Ways of Relieving Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Compared with Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010084"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"763","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium bifidum Prevent NAFLD by Regulating FXR Expression and Gut Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Nian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.026","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum R0175 protects mice against APAP-induced liver injury by modulating the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.30.18024","article-title":"Disruption of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene in mice. II. Bile acid deficiency is overcome by induction of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase","volume":"271","author":"Schwarz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Xing, C., Cao, H., Zhang, C., Luo, J., Guo, X., and Hu, G. (2019). Insulin resistance and metabonomics analysis of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens induced by a high-energy low-protein diet. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46183-y"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13360","article-title":"Dietary Mannan-oligosaccharides potentiate the beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum in broiler chicken","volume":"71","author":"Dev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108780","article-title":"The effect of probiotic consumption on lipid profile, glycemic index, inflammatory markers, and liver function in NAFLD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meroni, M., Longo, M., and Dongiovanni, P. (2019). The Role of Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Insight into Therapeutic Strategies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112642"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2992\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:32Z","timestamp":1760112092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13182992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13182992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}