{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:40:19Z","timestamp":1787784019110,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200168"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200026"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widely used culinary herb. In this study, ethanol, dichloromethane, and sunflower oil were used separately as solvents with distinct polarities for the extraction of basil aerial parts to simulate the different polarity conditions in domestic food processing. The oil extract (OE) was re-extracted with acetonitrile, and the chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activities of the ethanol (EE), dichloromethane (DCME), and acetonitrile (ACNE) extracts were determined. A total of 109 compounds were tentatively identified in EE, DCME, and ACNE by HPLC\u2013DAD\/ESI-ToF-MS. Fatty acids were present in all extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoids dominated in EE. DCME was characterised by triterpenoid acids, while diterpenoids were mainly found in ACNE. The extracts were analysed for their antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. EE and DCME showed significant radical scavenging potential. Antimicrobial activity was explored in eight bacterial, two yeast, and one fungal species. All extracts exhibited high antifungal activity, comparable to or better than that of the commercial drug nistatin. Antibacterial activities were notable for EE and ACNE, while DCME showed no activity against bacteria in the applied concentration ranges. The different polarities of the solvents led to distinctive phytochemical compositions and bioactivities in the extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1727066728000},"page":"2993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Qualitative Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Polar and Nonpolar Basil Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2330-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Vidakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Belgrade\u2014Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Vuji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\u201316, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4235-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milka","family":"Jadranin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njego\u0161eva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Novakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njego\u0161eva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9528-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sne\u017eana","family":"Trifunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\u201316, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vele","family":"Te\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\u201316, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Mandi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade\u2014Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\u201316, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02891-1","article-title":"Food is medicine: Clinical trials show the health benefits of dietary interventions","volume":"30","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerriero, G., Berni, R., Mu\u00f1oz-Sanchez, J.A., Apone, F., Abdel-Salam, E.M., Qahtan, A.A., Alatar, A.A., Cantini, C., Cai, G., and Hausman, J.-F. (2018). Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9060309"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200374","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202200374","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of new quinoline-4-carboxylic acid-chalcone hybrids as dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors","volume":"356","author":"Roschger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360312","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of New Sesquiterpenoids from Achillea clavennae","volume":"80","author":"Vajs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"90","article-title":"Semiquinol and phenol compounds from seven Senecio species","volume":"65","author":"Vajs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.15251\/DJNB.2021.162.585","article-title":"Inhibition potency of disulphides and trisulphides on various tumor cell lines growth","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v11i3.27103","article-title":"Evaluation of the anti-cancer potential of Mahonia aquifolium extracts via apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Jadranin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC210809089I","article-title":"GC\u2013MS-based metabolomics for the detection of adulteration in oregano samples","volume":"86","author":"Mandrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10694","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules180910694","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Fatty Acids from the Endemic Plant Species Rindera umbellata and the Effect of Lindelofine-N-oxide on Tubulin Polymerization","volume":"18","author":"Vajs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.991929","article-title":"Optimisation of isolation procedure for pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Rindera umbellata Bunge","volume":"29","author":"Vajs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorovi\u0107, S., Peri\u0107, M., Nikoli\u0107, B., Mandi\u0107, B., Cvetkovi\u0107, S., Bogdanovi\u0107, M., and \u017divkovi\u0107, S. (2023). Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxity of Wild-Growing and In Vitro Cultivated Rindera umbellata (Waldst. and Kit.) Bunge. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9030381"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0901027M","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from seven wild-growing Senecio species in Serbia and Montenegro","volume":"74","author":"Vajs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallmann, E., Rusaczonek, A., Muszy\u0144ska, E., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski, D., Kuli\u0144ski, S., Jasek, J., and Ponder, A. (2024). A Long-Term Study on Chemical Compounds and Their Location in Sweet Basil Leaves from Organic and Conventional Producers. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13030383"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020487q","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Found in Local Accessions and Used in Traditional Medicines in Iran","volume":"50","author":"Javanmardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1828456","article-title":"Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of Basil (Ocimum basilicum): A review","volume":"23","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16097401","article-title":"Antioxidant Capacity of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. Extracts","volume":"16","author":"Kaurinovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.044","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of anti-diabetic activity and cytotoxicity of chemically analysed Ocimum basilicum extracts","volume":"196","author":"Kadan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"118","article-title":"Nematicidal Principles from Two Species of Lamiaceae","volume":"14","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.1984.tb00736.x","article-title":"Fungistatic Activity of Essential Oils from Ocimum basilicum Chemotypes","volume":"110","author":"Reuveni","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.2c00100","article-title":"Agronomy, Chemical Analysis, and Antidiabetic Activity of Basil (Ocimum Species)","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09690-9","article-title":"Diversity, phytochemical and medicinal potential of the genus Ocimum L. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"19","author":"Zahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100451X","article-title":"The effect of food preparation on the bioavailability of carotenoids from carrots using intrinsic labelling","volume":"107","author":"Ghavami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2000). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, NCCLS. [5th ed.]. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically: Approved Standards. NCCLS Document M7-A5."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuji\u0107, B., Vidakovi\u0107, V., Jadranin, M., Novakovi\u0107, I., Trifunovi\u0107, S., Te\u0161evi\u0107, V., and Mandi\u0107, B. (2020). Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activity of Helichrysum plicatum DC. Various Extracts. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9030337"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201500180","article-title":"The Use of NMR Metabolite Profiling and in vivo Hypoglycemic Assay for Comparison of Unfractionated Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Two Ocimum Species","volume":"13","author":"Casanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12970","article-title":"Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of phenolics from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves induced by jasmonic, arachidonic and \u03b2-aminobutyric acid elicitation","volume":"51","author":"Szymanowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Bouic, P.J., and Rosenkranz, B. (2020). In Vitro Assessment of the Interaction Potential of Ocimum basilicum (L.) Extracts on CYP2B6, 3A4, and Rifampicin Metabolism. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00517"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/np020233z","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of the Aerial Parts of Schnabelia tetradonta","volume":"65","author":"Dou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(01)00354-5","article-title":"Variation of free phenolic acids in medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family","volume":"26","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073b","DOI":"10.1039\/c3979001073b","article-title":"Biosynthesis of caffeic acid in Ocimum basilicum L","volume":"23","author":"Canonica","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01055A","article-title":"A rapid and highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of bioactive constituents in leaf extracts of six Ocimum species using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.03.085","article-title":"Basil as functional and preserving ingredient in \u201cSerra da Estrela\u201d cheese","volume":"207","author":"Carocho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113039","article-title":"Metabolomic profile and computational analysis for the identification of the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of the traditional medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum tenuiflorum","volume":"164","author":"Guevara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2023.112382","article-title":"Comparative analysis of aromatic and nutraceutical traits of six basils from Ocimum genus grown in floating raft culture","volume":"322","author":"Ciriello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10908","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072284d","article-title":"Determination of Water-Soluble Polyphenolic Compounds in Commercial Herbal Teas from Lamiaceae: Peppermint, Melissa, and Sage","volume":"55","author":"Fecka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"193","article-title":"Contribution to the chemical study of Ocimum basilicum L. 2nd communication","volume":"24","author":"Skaltsa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant. Med. Phytother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(96)00430-X","article-title":"External flavones in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, and related taxa","volume":"43","author":"Grayer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.204164","article-title":"A Set of Regioselective O-Methyltransferases Gives Rise to the Complex Pattern of Methoxylated Flavones in Sweet Basil","volume":"160","author":"Berim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2004.04.002","article-title":"Characterization of cultivars within species of Ocimum by exudate flavonoid profiles","volume":"32","author":"Grayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-962399","article-title":"The Constituents of the Leaves of Ocimum basilicum","volume":"54","author":"Fatope","year":"1988","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113973","article-title":"Vermicompost applications on growth, nutrition uptake and secondary metabolites of Ocimum basilicum L. under water stress: A comprehensive analysis","volume":"171","author":"Celikcan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2017.06.003","article-title":"Perillanolides A and B, new monoterpene glycosides from the leaves of Perilla frutescens","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"20","article-title":"Chemical studies on the herb of Ocimum basilicum L","volume":"2","author":"Yin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11301","article-title":"Effects of indoor, greenhouse, and field cultivation on bioactive compounds from parsley and basil","volume":"101","author":"Proz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"291","article-title":"Contribution to the chemical study of Ocimum basilicum L. 1st communication","volume":"20","author":"Skaltsa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plant. Med. Phytother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19055490","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities and Phenolic Profile for Hyssopus officinalis, Ocimum basilicum and Teucrium chamaedrys","volume":"19","author":"Vlase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2020.1801460","article-title":"Chromatographic fingerprinting of some basils and the evaluation of their antioxidant properties with chemometric calculations","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(01)00103-X","article-title":"Leaf flavonoid glycosides as chemosystematic characters in Ocimum","volume":"30","author":"Grayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.60.397","article-title":"Monoterpene Glucosides from Ziziphora clinopodioides (Labiatae)","volume":"60","author":"Furukawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-019-0207-0","article-title":"Chemical Constituents from Mentha haplocalyx Briq. (Mentha canadensis L.) and Their \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00386-7","article-title":"Monoterpene glucosides from Origanum syriacum","volume":"58","author":"Kamel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1869233","article-title":"Two new glycosides from Panzerina lanata (L.) Soj\u00e1k","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1333994","article-title":"Two new monoterpenoid glycosides from the fresh rhizome of Tongling White Ginger (Zingiber officinale)","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xu, H.-T., Tian, T., Wei, X.-H., and Chou, G.-X. (2023). Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Caryopteris aureoglandulosa and Their Biological Activities. Chem. Biodivers., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202201037"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pande, J., and Chanda, S. (2020). Determination of phytochemical profile and antioxidant efficacy of Lavendula bipinnata leaves collected during Magha Nakshatra days and Normal days using LC-QTOF-MS technique. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113347"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1185868","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of Dracocephalum forrestii","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1519817","article-title":"A new indole alkaloid, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts from Saccocalyx satureioides","volume":"34","author":"Kherkhache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thi Dung, D., Thi Trang, D., Hai Yen, P., Huy Hoang, N., Huu Tai, B., and Van Kiem, P. (2023). Elsholblanosides A\u2212D, Four New Oleuropeic Acid Derivatives Isolated from Elsholtzia blanda and Their Inhibition of NO Production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 Cells. Chem. Biodivers., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202300785"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00756","article-title":"Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Elsholtzia ciliata and Their Protective Activities on Glutamate-Induced HT22 Cell Death","volume":"83","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1557820","article-title":"Diterpenoids from the Whole Plant of Lagochilus platyacanthus","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Z.-T., Chen, J.-J., and Geng, C.-A. (2020). ent-Labdane and ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Chelonopsis odontochila with \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg. Chem., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.103571"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gul, I., Hassan, A., Haq, E., Ahmad, S.M., Shah, R.A., Ganai, N.A., Chikan, N.A., Abdul-Careem, M.F., and Shabir, N. (2023). An Investigation of the Antiviral Potential of Phytocompounds against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus through Template-Based Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040847"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b01082","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization, and Structure\u2013Activity Relationship Analysis of Abietane Diterpenoids from Callicarpa bodinieri as Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.03.001","article-title":"Hikiokoshins A\u2013I, diterpenes from the leaves of Isodon japonicus","volume":"102","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1021\/np5001329","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Labdane Diterpenoids from Lagopsis supina","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.07.005","article-title":"Diterpenes and phenolic compounds from Sideritis pullulans","volume":"106","author":"Faiella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Kadir, A., Zheng, G., Jin, P., Qin, D., Maiwulanjiang, M., Aisa, H.A., and Yao, G. (2020). Antiproliferative abietane quinone diterpenoids from the roots of Salvia deserta. Bioorg. Chem., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104261"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2899","article-title":"Identification and validation of palustric acid and andrographolide from Ocimum basilicum leaf as a promising breast cancer inhibitor: An in-vitro and in-silico analysis","volume":"14","author":"Monica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000449","article-title":"Glandular Trichomes of Leucosceptrum canum Harbor Defensive Sesterterpenoids","volume":"49","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00715","article-title":"A Geranylfarnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Provides the Precursor for Sesterterpenoid (C25) Formation in the Glandular Trichomes of the Mint Species Leucosceptrum canum","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"147","article-title":"Lignans and triterpenoids from Vitex negundo var","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"heterophylla and their biological evaluation. Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01810","article-title":"Triterpene Acids from Mesona procumbens Exert Anti-inflammatory Effects on LPS-Stimulated Murine Macrophages by Regulating the MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.06.025","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization, polyphenols and flavonoids of different extracts from leaves of four varieties of tulsi (Ocimum sp.)","volume":"159","author":"Priya","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2009-3-409","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Triterpenes from Hairy Root Cultures of Ocimum basilicum L","volume":"64","author":"Marzouk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"181","article-title":"Terpenoids from Ocimum basilicum","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Qin, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, G., Zhang, X., Jiang, H., and Tian, Z. (2024). Identification of chemical compounds of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. and screening of neuraminidase inhibitors based on AUF-MS and SPR technology. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115787"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.3030471015","article-title":"The Sterol and Triterpene Content of the Labiatae Family","volume":"47","author":"Nicholas","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083805666191010152439","article-title":"Antiproliferative Effects of Ocimum basilicum Methanolic Extract and Fractions, Oleanolic Acid and 3-epi-Ursolic Acid","volume":"6","author":"Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10044G","article-title":"Chemical characterization, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory effects of different extracts from one sage (Salvia ceratophylla L.) from Turkey: Open a new window on industrial purposes","volume":"11","author":"Uysal","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-003-1193-7","article-title":"New glyceroglycolipid and ceramide from Premna microphylla","volume":"38","author":"Zhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diyaolu, O.A., Oluwabusola, E.T., Attah, A.F., Olori, E.O., Fagbemi, A.A., Preet, G., Soldatou, S., Moody, J.O., Jaspars, M., and Ebel, R. (2022). Can Crude Oil Exploration Influence the Phytochemicals and Bioactivity of Medicinal Plants? A Case of Nigerian Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238372"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00617","article-title":"Insights into the Inhibition Mechanism of Human Pancreatic \u03b1-Amylase, a Type 2 Diabetes Target, by Dehydrodieugenol B Isolated from Ocimum tenuiflorum","volume":"6","author":"Dandekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prinsi, B., Morgutti, S., Negrini, N., Faoro, F., and Espen, L. (2020). Insight into Composition of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Leaves and Flowers of Green and Purple Basil. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9010022"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasongdee, P., Posridee, K., Oonsivilai, A., and Oonsivilai, R. (2024). A Culinary and Medicinal Gem: Exploring the Phytochemical and Functional Properties of Thai Basil. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13040632"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1568274","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid\u2014Pharmaceutical and Clinical Aspects","volume":"82","author":"Amoah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034269o","article-title":"Phenolics Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)","volume":"51","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2020.112347","article-title":"The style and substance of plant flavonoid decoration; towards defining both structure and function","volume":"174","author":"Alseekh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021418","article-title":"A Convenient and Safe O-Methylation of Flavonoids with Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC)","volume":"16","author":"Bernini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-018-01552-9","article-title":"Ocimum basilicum suspension culture as resource for bioactive triterpenoids: Yield enrichment by elicitation and bioreactor cultivation","volume":"137","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-015-0682-y","article-title":"Variations in Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Different Parts of Four Ocimum Species Using Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"87","author":"Pai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01183","article-title":"Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Two Major Antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through Different Mechanisms","volume":"175","author":"Loussouarn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151211094521","article-title":"Reactivity of Diterpenoid Quinones: Royleanones","volume":"22","author":"Ladeiras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-013-1271-4","article-title":"Effects of two sodium salts on fatty acid and essential oil composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves","volume":"35","author":"Tarchoune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenti, L., Rigano, D., Woo, S.L., Nartea, A., Pacetti, D., Maggi, F., and Fiorini, D. (2022). A Rapid Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of Eugenol, Linalool and Fatty Acid Composition in Basil Leaves. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213315"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.02.039","article-title":"Experimental and chemometric study of antioxidant capacity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) extracts","volume":"100","author":"Vastag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel, M., Kapusta, K., Ko\u0142odziejczyk, W., Saloni, J., \u017bbikowska, B., Hill, G.A., and Sroka, Z. (2020). Antioxidant Activity of Selected Phenolic Acids\u2013Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay and QSAR Analysis of the Structural Features. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133088"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2014.09.001","article-title":"QSAR of the free radical scavenging potency of selected hydroxybenzoic acids and simple phenolics","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E., Marra, M., Zummo, S., and Biondo, C. (2023). Urinary Tract Infections: The Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040623"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DMIH2-0005-2015","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0005-2015","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Alby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rytter, H., Jamet, A., Coureuil, M., Charbit, A., and Ramond, E. (2020). Which Current and Novel Diagnostic Avenues for Bacterial Respiratory Diseases?. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.616971"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2024, August 13). WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for Which New Antibiotics Are Urgently Needed. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2508","article-title":"Analysis of the main bioactive compounds from Ocimum basilicum for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity","volume":"70","author":"Backiam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.13.2.17","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Saudi Arabian Ocimum basilicum Leaves Extracts","volume":"13","author":"Ababutain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.2108","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections Acquired from Contaminated Food or Nutritional Supplements: A Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Benedict","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.08.007","article-title":"Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents","volume":"23","author":"Daglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0981-9428(02)01460-2","article-title":"Root specific elicitation and antimicrobial activity of rosmarinic acid in hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum","volume":"40","author":"Bais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4557.2012.00441.x","article-title":"Antifungal, Aflatoxin Inhibitory and Free Radical-Scavenging Activities of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts","volume":"35","author":"Shukla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teodoro, G.R., Ellepola, K., Seneviratne, C.J., and Koga-Ito, C.Y. (2015). Potential Use of Phenolic Acids as Anti-Candida Agents: A Review. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01420"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(94)85005-4","article-title":"A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants, 1982\u20131993","volume":"37","author":"Grayer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, P., Rahman, F.I., Hussain, F., Rahman, S.M.A., and Rahman, M.M. (2022). Antimicrobial Diterpenes: Recent Development From Natural Sources. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.820312"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdissa, N., Frese, M., and Sewald, N. (2017). Antimicrobial Abietane-Type Diterpenoids from Plectranthus punctatus. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111919"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2993\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:33Z","timestamp":1760112093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/18\/2993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13182993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13182993","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}