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This study aims to explore the concurrence and polymorphism of their variants in Empedobacter sp. strains from food-producing animals and surrounding environments. A total of eight tet(X) variants, seven blaEBR variants, and seven estT variants were detected in tet(X)-positive Empedobacter sp. strains (6.7%) from chickens, sewage, and soil, including 31 Empedobacter stercoris and 6 novel species of Taxon 1. All of them were resistant to tigecycline, tetracycline, colistin, and ciprofloxacin, and 16.2% were resistant to meropenem, florfenicol, and cefotaxime. The MIC90 of tylosin, tilmicosin, and tildipirosin was 128 mg\/L, 16 mg\/L, and 8 mg\/L, respectively. Cloning expression confirmed that tet(X6) and the novel variants tet(X23), tet(X24), tet(X25), tet(X26), and tet(X26.2) conferred high-level tigecycline resistance, while all of the others exhibited relatively low-level activities or were inactivated. The bacterial relationship was diverse, but the genetic environments of tet(X) and blaEBR were more conserved than estT. An ISCR2-mediated tet(X6) transposition structure, homologous to those of Acinetobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Providencia sp., was also identified in Taxon 1. Therefore, the tet(X)-positive Empedobacter sp. strains may be ignored and pose a serious threat to food safety and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T06:30:03Z","timestamp":1728455403000},"page":"3201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Concurrence of Inactivation Enzyme-Encoding Genes tet(X), blaEBR, and estT in Empedobacter Species from Chickens and Surrounding Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taotao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science 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