{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:11:06Z","timestamp":1788887466991,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores-Colombia (FULL)","award":["ING\u201307\u201324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ING\u201307\u201324"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the lucrative coffee market, this product is often subject to adulteration, as inferior or non-coffee materials or varieties are mixed in, negatively affecting its quality. Traditional sensory evaluations by expert tasters and chemical analysis methods, although effective, are time-consuming, costly, and require skilled personnel. The aim of this work was to evaluate the capacity of a smart electronic tongue (e-tongue) based on a polypyrrole sensor array as a tool for the rapid analysis of coffees elaborated from beans of different varieties. The smart e-tongue device was developed with a polypyrrole-based voltammetric sensor array and portable multi-potentiostat operated via smartphone. The sensor array comprised seven electrodes, each doped with distinct counterions to enhance cross-selectivity. The smart e-tongue was tested on five Arabica coffee varieties (Typica, Bourbon, Maragogype, Tabi, and Caturra). The resulting voltammetric signals were analyzed using principal component analysis assisted by neural networks (PCNN) and cluster analysis (CA), enabling clear discrimination among the coffee samples. The results demonstrate that the polypyrrole sensors can generate distinct electrochemical patterns, serving as \u201cfingerprints\u201d for each coffee variety. This study highlights the potential of polypyrrole-based smart e-tongues as a rapid, cost-effective, and portable alternative for coffee quality assessment and adulteration detection, with broader applications in the food and beverage industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:46:54Z","timestamp":1731314814000},"page":"3586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Smart E-Tongue Based on Polypyrrole Sensor Array as Tool for Rapid Analysis of Coffees from Different Varieties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro Arrieta","family":"Almario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemistry, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana Palma","family":"Calabokis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisa Arrieta","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemistry, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2019.103802","article-title":"The coffee drinking experience: Product extrinsic (atmospheric) influences on taste and choice","volume":"80","author":"Spence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Qual. 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