{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:30:15Z","timestamp":1794360615020,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecuadorian Corporation for the Development of Research and the Academy (CEDIA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated tropical flower petals\u2019 bioactive compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The physicochemical characteristics, carotenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, organic acids, and antioxidant activity of 67 flowers were analyzed. In addition, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis of 35 species was determined. A 2 \u00d7 3 experimental design was used for the extraction of carotenoids and phenolics, including solvents and ultrasonic agitation times. The mixture of methanol\u2013acetone\u2013dichloromethane (1:1:2) and acetone\u2013methanol (2:1) resulted in the highest concentration of carotenoids, while acidified 80% methanol favoured phenolic extraction. Renealmia alpinia was extremely rich in carotenoids (292.5 mg \u03b2-carotene\/g DW), Pleroma heteromallum in anthocyanins (7.35 mg C-3-gl\/g DW), while a high content of citric acid was found in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (17,819 mg\/100 g DW). On the other hand, Thibaudia floribunda showed the highest antioxidant activity (7.8 mmol Trolox equivalent\/g DW). The main phenolics were m-coumaric acid in Acalypha poiretii (12,044 mg\/100 g DW), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in Brugmansia arborea (10,729 mg\/100 g DW), and kaempferol in Dahlia pinnata (8236 mg\/100 g DW). The extract of Acalypha poiretii, Brownea macrophylla, and Cavendishia nobilis showed antibacterial activity, while the extract of Pleroma heteromallum was the only one active against Candida albicans. These findings highlight the potential health benefits from certain tropical flowers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1732515919000},"page":"3766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Bioactive Composition of Tropical Flowers and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Coyago-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda de los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170109, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1535-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Barrigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Productos Farmac\u00e9uticos Naturales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170109, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Guachamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda de los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170109, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Heredia-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johana","family":"Zu\u00f1iga-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170524, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WWF (2023, May 16). \u00bfQu\u00e9 Son los Bosques Tropicales?. Available online: https:\/\/www.wwf.org.co\/en\/?329990\/Glosario-ambiental-Que-son-los-bosques-tropicales."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Paz, A. (2023, May 16). Bosques Tropicales: Cada D\u00eda Es M\u00e1s Urgente Su Conservaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2021\/06\/bosques-tropicales-urgente-su-conservacion\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"30","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plants and Use in Medicine","volume":"5","author":"Yusupova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pedago. Resp. Ilmiy Jurnali"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2022.2157425","article-title":"Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Nwozo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez, A., Ben\u00edtez, A., Corell, M., Hernanz, D., Mapelli-Brahm, P., Stinco, C., and Coyago-Cruz, E. (2021). Screening for Innovative Sources of Carotenoids and Phenolic Antioxidants among Flowers. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112625"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horackova, J., Elena, M., Zans, C., Kokoska, L., Sulaiman, N., Mirella, Z., and Peralta, C. (2023). Ethnobotanical Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used by Cashinahua (Huni Kuin) Herbalists in Purus Province, Peruvian Amazon. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-023-00586-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foghis, M., Bungau, S.G., Bungau, A.F., Vesa, C.M., Purza, A.L., Tarce, A.G., Tit, D.M., Pallag, A., Behl, T., and ul Hassan, S.S. (2023). Plants-Based Medicine Implication in the Evolution of Chronic Liver Diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 158.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114207"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dincheva, I., Badjakov, I., and Galunska, B. (2023). New Insights into the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origins with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-6509-5"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E. (2017). Estudio Sobre el Contenido en Carotenoides y Compuestos Fen\u00f3licos de Tomates y Flores en el Contexto de la Alimentaci\u00f3n Funcional. [Doctoral Thesis, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Sevilla]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12278","article-title":"The Role of Polyphenols in Modern Nutrition","volume":"42","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D.P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.J., and Li, H. (2017). Bin Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010096"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., and Balde\u00f3n, M. (2022). Novel List of Ecuadorian Flowers with Antimicrobial Activity. Medicinal Plants of Ecuador, Taylor Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003173991-6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra-Vargas, M.P., Montero-Vargas, J.M., Debray-Garc\u00eda, Y., Vizuet-de-Rueda, J.C., Loaeza-Rom\u00e1n, A., and Ter\u00e1n, L.M. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution: Its Impact on Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010853"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.10.022","article-title":"Flowers: Precious Food and Medicine Resources","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2022.2158846","article-title":"Morning Individuals in Saudi Arabia Have Higher Self-Regulation of Eating Behavior Compared to Evening Types","volume":"40","author":"Noorwali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1021\/jf063413d","article-title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in Carotenoid Composition among Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo","volume":"55","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.02.065","article-title":"Detailed Phenolic Composition of White Grape By-Products by RRLC\/MS and Measurement of the Antioxidant Activity","volume":"125","author":"Hernanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Yellow and Orange Andean Floral Species","volume":"252","author":"Coronel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Smart Technol. Innov. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Guachamin, A., Vera, E., Moya, M., Heredia-Moya, J., and Beltr\u00e1n, E. (2023). Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Ecuadorian Paramo Flowers. Rev. Bionatura, 8.","DOI":"10.21931\/RB\/2023.08.01.21"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Alarc\u00f3n, A., Guachamin, A., M\u00e9ndez, G., Osorio, E., Heredia-Moya, J., Zu\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., Beltr\u00e1n-Sinchiguano, E., and Vera, E. (2024). Functional, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity of Edible Flowers. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111297"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1035","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds, Lycopene and Antioxidant Activity in Commercial Varieties of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)","volume":"82","author":"Periago","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6706","article-title":"Intra-Laboratory Validation of Microplate Methods for Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity on Polyphenolic Extracts, and Comparison with Conventional Spectrophotometric Methods","volume":"95","author":"Arroqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100306","article-title":"Extraction and Purification of Anthocyanins: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.468-471.2423","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonols and Anthocyanins from Blueberry Using RSM","volume":"4","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012032","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1010\/1\/012032","article-title":"Extraction of Anthocyanin Pigment from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction","volume":"1010","author":"Yuniati","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.03.010","article-title":"Correlation of Two Anthocyanin Quantification Methods: HPLC and Spectrophotometric Methods","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.5.1269","article-title":"Determination of Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Pigment Content of Fruit Juices, Beverages, Natural Colorants, and Wines by the PH Differential Method: Collaborative Study","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JALSI\/2016\/27235","article-title":"Effect of PH on the Radical Quenching Capacity of Tea Infusions Using the ABTS\u2022+ Assay","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Life Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Guachamin, A., Villac\u00eds, M., Rivera, J., Neto, M., M\u00e9ndez, G., Heredia-Moya, J., and Vera, E. (2023). Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in 51 Minor Tropical Fruits of Ecuador. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244439"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Suspectibility Tests, Approved Standard-Eleventh Edition (Standard No. CLSI M02)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2009). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved Guideline\u2014Second Edition (Standard No. CLSI M44-A2)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Moya, M., M\u00e9ndez, G., Villac\u00eds, M., Rojas-Silva, P., Corell, M., Mapelli-Brahm, P., Vicario, I., and Mel\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez, A. (2023). Exploring Plants with Flowers: From Therapeutic Nutritional Benefits to Innovative Sustainable Uses. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224066"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"WFO (2024, June 14). The World Flora Online. Available online: https:\/\/wfoplantlist.org\/plant-list."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cambios En Tama\u00f1o y Caracter\u00edsticas Qu\u00edmicas de C\u00e1lices de Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Durante Su Maduraci\u00f3n","volume":"XVII","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Chapingo Ser. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13461","article-title":"The Control of Flowering Time by Environmental Factors","volume":"90","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatla, S., and Lal, M. (2023). Plant Physiology. Development and Metabolism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-5736-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.17654\/ND004020105","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Khristi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2019.04.010","article-title":"Chloroplast Genome of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae): Comparative Analyses and Identification of Mutational Hotspots","volume":"112","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"32","article-title":"The Diversity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Based on Morphological Approach","volume":"7","author":"Slamet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d200505","article-title":"Species Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Heliconia spp. Collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden (East Java, Indonesia) Inferred by RbcL Gene Sequences","volume":"20","author":"Hapsari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Daniel, T., and Acosta, S. (2003). Flora del Baj\u00edo y de Regiones Adyacentes, INECOL Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, A.C."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Acurio, C. (2015). An\u00e1lisis de la Influencia del Estado de Conservaci\u00f3n de los Humedales Altoandinos del Parque Nacional Cajas y la Reserva Ecol\u00f3gica Antisana en el Secuestro de Carbono. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad UTE, Maestr\u00eda en Ecoturismo y Manejo de \u00c1reas Naturales Quito]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, F. (2019). Identificaci\u00f3n de Procesos de Erosi\u00f3n por Monocultivo en la Parroqui de Pacto y Propuestas de Lineas de Acci\u00f3n. Universidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda e Industrias."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Domene, M., and Segura, M. (2014). Par\u00e1metros de Calidad Interna de Hortalizas y Frutas en la Industria Agroalimentaria, Cajamar Caja Rural."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., He, M., Cai, Z., Qi, H., Zhang, J., and Zhang, C. (2023). Hyperspectral Imaging with Machine Learning Approaches for Assessing Soluble Solids Content of Tribute Citru. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12020247"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magri, A., Adiletta, G., and Petriccione, M. (2020). Evaluation of Antioxidant Systems and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Feijoa Edible Flowers at Different Flowering Stages. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010095"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"159","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Rose, Sunflower and Calendula Flower Petals for Human Food Use","volume":"20","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cienc. Tecnol. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.07.006","article-title":"Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Three Different Flowers\u2014Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Quisqualis indica and Senna surattensis","volume":"6","author":"Afify","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.923997","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities and Protein Profiling of Different Parts of Allamanda Cathartica","volume":"28","author":"Hameed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S574","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60292-3","article-title":"Traditional Use of the Genus Renealmia and Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas (Zingiberaceae)\u2014A Review in the Treatment of Snakebites","volume":"7","author":"Benjumea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"298","article-title":"Phytochemical Investigation and Antidepressant Activity of Celosia cristata Leaves and Flowers in Experimental Animals","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Investig. Antidepressant Act. Celosia Cris."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"10","article-title":"Ethnobotany of Fruit Species Native to Paramos and Cloud Forests of Northern Peru","volume":"25","author":"Bussmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethnobot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116200","article-title":"A Review of Hemostatic Chemical Components and Their Mechanisms in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine","volume":"307","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek-Szczepa\u0144ska, B., Grabska-Zieli\u0144ska, S., and Michalska-Sionkowska, M. (2023). The Application of Phenolic Acids in the Obtainment of Packaging Materials Based on Polymers\u2014A Review. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061343"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2900","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis of Anthocyanins Extracted from the Flowers of Two Dahlia Cultivars and Their Cytotoxic Properties","volume":"17","author":"Gontova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2024.103782","article-title":"Extraction of Anthocyanin from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Concentration by Forward Osmosis Membrane Process","volume":"96","author":"Bal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Vega, J., Arteaga-Badillo, D., S\u00e1nchez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Morales-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Vargas-Mendoza, N., G\u00f3mez-Aldapa, C., Castro-Rosas, J., Delgado-Olivares, L., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., and Madrigal-Santill\u00e1n, E. (2020). Organic Acids from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)\u2014A Brief Review of Its Pharmacological Effects. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8050100"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13691","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13691","article-title":"Changes and Response Mechanism of Sugar and Organic Acids in Fruits under Water Deficit Stress","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mignard, P., Beguer\u00eda, S., Gim\u00e9nez, R., Forcada, C., Reig, G., and Moreno, M. (2022). Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12040827"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"371","article-title":"Organic Acids in Fruits: Metabolism, Functions and Contents","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horticultural Reviews"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Pu, D., Zhou, X., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Recent Progress in the Study of Taste Characteristics and the Nutrition and Health Properties of Organic Acids in Foods. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213408"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano, A., Maestre, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz, J., and Arnao, M. (2023). ABTS\/TAC Methodology: Main Milestones and Recent Applications. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11010185"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Apak, R., Capanuglu, E., and Shahidi, F. (2018). ABTS\/TEAC (2,2\u2032-Azino-Bis(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid)\/Trolox\u00ae\u2014Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) Radical Scavenging Mixed\u2014Mode Assay. Measurement of Antioxidant Activity Capacity: Recent Trends and Applications, Wiley Online Library."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platzer, M., Kiese, S., Herfellner, T., Schweiggert-Weisz, U., Miesbauer, O., and Eisner, P. (2021). Common Trends and Differences in Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Phenolic Substances Using Single Electron Transfer Based Assays. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051244"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.045","article-title":"Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Carotenoids Measured by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), ABTS Bleaching Assay (ATEAC), DPPH Assay and Peroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00089-8","article-title":"Applicability of an Improved Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay for Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity Measurements of Mixtures","volume":"66","author":"Haenen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612005000400016","article-title":"Aplicaci\u00f3n de Diversos M\u00e9todos Qu\u00edmicos Para Determinar Actividad Antioxidante En Pulpa de Frutos","volume":"25","author":"Kuskoski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Tecnol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2022.102974","article-title":"Exploring the Potential of Antioxidants from Fruits and Vegetables and Strategies for Their Recovery","volume":"77","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of Phenolic Compounds in Metabolism and Their Antioxidant","volume":"11","author":"Queiroz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118325","article-title":"Celosia cristata L.: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Quality Control, along with Network Pharmacological Analysis of Its Components and Targets","volume":"332","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khare, T., Anand, U., Dey, A., Assaraf, Y., Chen, Z., Liu, Z., and Kumar, V. (2021). Exploring Phytochemicals for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Pathogens. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.720726"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2024.101810","article-title":"Green and Sustainable Recovery of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Pigments from Green Tea Leaves: Comparative Analysis of Soxhlet, Accelerated Solvent, and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Grzegorczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0224","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"39","author":"Ondusko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khameneh, B., Eskin, N., Iranshahy, M., and Fazly, B. (2021). Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091044"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012056","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1940\/1\/012056","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungi Activity of Methanol Extract of Acalypha hispida Burm. F. Flower against to Candida albicans (Y116)","volume":"1940","author":"Wardoyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v12i1.3937","article-title":"Evaluation of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. for Anthelmintic Activity","volume":"12","author":"Narayanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"194","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of the Leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis against E. coli NCIM 2832 and M. aureus NCIM 5021","volume":"34","author":"Hajare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.11113\/bioprocessing.v3n1.52","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity and Metabolite Content of Water and Methanolic Extracts of Purple and White Bougainvillea sp.","volume":"3","author":"Makerly","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bioprocess. Biomass Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5530\/pres.16.2.48","article-title":"Anti-Bacterial Attributes of Phytochemicals from Bougainvillaea spectabilis: Computational Approach","volume":"16","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dame-Teixeira, N., El-Gendy, R., Monici, I., Holanda, C., De-Oliveira, A., Romeiro, L., and Do, T. (2022). Sustainable Multifunctional Phenolic Lipids as Potential Therapeutics in Dentistry. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13292-0"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, J., Zhang, S., Zhou, W., Zhang, L., and Huang, X. (2023). PH-Activated Antibiofilm Strategies for Controlling Dental Caries. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1130506"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beladi, S., Kiridena, S.D., Wijayaratna, U., Taylor, C., Anker, J., and Tzeng, T.-R. (2022). PH Variation in Medical Implant Biofilms: Causes, Measurements, and Its Implications for Antibiotic Resistance. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1028560"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/23\/3766\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:34Z","timestamp":1760114314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/23\/3766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13233766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13233766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]}}}