{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:50:31Z","timestamp":1791589831368,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF1100205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100205"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFF1103601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1103601"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32101879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32101879"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholars","award":["2022YFF1100205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100205"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholars","award":["2023YFF1103601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1103601"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholars","award":["32101879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32101879"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotics with great potential to improve constipation. This study set out to investigate the usefulness of consuming FOS as a dietary supplement on bowel movement frequency, stool consistency, abundance of Bifidobacteria, gastrointestinal transit time, and gastrointestinal symptoms through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases up to 2 March 2024. Randomized controlled trials reporting the use of FOS as a supplement by participants were included. Bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool. Results were synthesized using a random-effects model or fixed-effects model, combining outcomes using odds ratios (OR), weighted mean differences (MD), or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The meta-analysis encompassed 17 randomized controlled trials, involving a total of 713 study participants. Overall, the intake of FOS significantly increased bowel movement frequency (95% CI: 0.80, 1.50, p &lt; 0.00001) and positively affected stool consistency, softening the stool (SMD: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.60, p = 0.76). It also reduced the effort and pain during defecation (SMD: \u22120.60, 95% CI: \u22120.85, \u22120.34, p = 0.12). At the same time, mild bloating was noted as an adverse event associated with FOS ingestion (OR: 10.36, 95% CI: 3.32, 33.23, p = 0.24). No reports of serious adverse events were documented. Overall, FOS may enhance bowel movement frequency, stool consistency, and overall constipation symptoms, suggesting cautious optimism regarding their use as a dietary treatment alternative. Nevertheless, further robust and definitive randomized controlled trials are required to more accurately determine the most effective dosage and duration of use. Additional research and evidence are necessary before the efficacy of FOS as a therapeutic method for treating functional constipation can be firmly established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13243993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T03:14:58Z","timestamp":1733886898000},"page":"3993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fructooligosaccharides for Relieving Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmin","family":"Zhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2662-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.15141","article-title":"Chronic Constipation: Update on Management","volume":"84","author":"Hayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"Cd002115","article-title":"Management of Faecal Incontinence and Constipation in Adults with Central Neurological Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Coggrave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.73","article-title":"Association of Low Dietary Intake of Fiber and Liquids With Constipation: Evidence From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"108","author":"Markland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i34.5362","article-title":"Differing Coping Mechanisms, Stress Level and Anorectal Physiology in Patients with Functional Constipation","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.005","article-title":"Relationship Between Microbiota of the Colonic Mucosa vs Feces and Symptoms, Colonic Transit, and Methane Production in Female Patients With Chronic Constipation","volume":"150","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17852","article-title":"Functional Constipation: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management","volume":"60","author":"Kilgore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Relieving Constipation: Mechanism, Clinical Application, Challenge, and Opportunity","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02156-w","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Constipation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"135","author":"Salari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9220-7","article-title":"Microbial Treatment in Chronic Constipation","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200523050-00006","article-title":"The Health-Related Quality of Life and Economic Burden of Constipation","volume":"23","author":"Dennison","year":"2005","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.06.059","article-title":"Quality of Life in Children with Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"214","author":"Vriesman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"How Do Probiotics Alleviate Constipation? A Narrative Review of Mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, A., Qiu, J., Wen, H., Zhang, H., and Sun, X. (2024). Probiotics for Functional Constipation in Children: An Overview of Overlapping Systematic Reviews. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1323521"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20150123","article-title":"Bowel Movement Frequency, Laxative Use, and Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Among Japanese Men and Women: The Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study","volume":"26","author":"Kubota","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001767","article-title":"The Role of Food in the Treatment of Bowel Disorders: Focus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49820-x","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharides Benefits on Glucose Homeostasis upon High-Fat Diet Feeding Require Type 2 Conventional Dendritic Cells","volume":"15","author":"Marcelin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416915","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2416915","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Determines the Fate of Dietary Fiber-Targeted Interventions in Host Health","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.12.011","article-title":"Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Mussatto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_20.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2015). Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of a Health Claim Related to \"Native Chicory Inulin\" and Maintenance of Normal Defecation by Increasing Stool Frequency Pursuant to Article 13.5 of Regulation","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.3951"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_20.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 13, 3951."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buddington, R., Kapadia, C., Neumer, F., and Theis, S. (2017). Oligofructose Provides Laxation for Irregularity Associated with Low Fiber Intake. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121372"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00274-8","article-title":"Effects of Fructooligosaccharide on Bowel Function and Indicators of Nutritional Status in Constipated Elderly Men","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.6","article-title":"Consuming Foods with Added Oligofructose Improves Stool Frequency: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Young Adults","volume":"3","author":"Dahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinno, S., Toshimitsu, T., Nakamura, Y., Kubota, T., Igoshi, Y., Ozawa, N., Suzuki, S., Nakano, T., Morita, Y., and Arima, T. (2017). Maternal Prebiotic Ingestion Increased the Number of Fecal Bifidobacteria in Pregnant Women but Not in Their Neonates Aged One Month. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030196"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2014.00015","article-title":"Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Constipation in Elderly Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients","volume":"36","author":"Meksawan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int. J. Int. Soc. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, D.d.S., Tahan, S., Weber, T.K., de Araujo-Filho, H.B., and De Morais, M.B. (2018). Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel Clinical Trial Assessing the Effect of Fructooligosaccharides in Infants with Constipation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111602"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, M., Kadota, Y., Shiko, Y., Kawasaki, Y., Sakurai, K., Mori, C., and Shimojo, N. (2023). A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effect of 1-Kestose on Defecation Habits in Constipated Kindergarten Children: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143276"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.12938\/bifidus1996.18.49","article-title":"Effects of Ingested Fructooligosaccharides on Stool Frequency in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"18","author":"Tominaga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosci. Microflora."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Laxative Effect of Fructooligosaccharide in Mice and Humans","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Nutraceutical Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.02.009","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharides Supplementation on Fecal Bifidobacteria and Index of Peroxidation Status in Constipated Nursing-Home Residents\u2014A Placebo-Controlled, Diet-Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Yen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000155214","article-title":"Effect of Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) on Colonic Transit Time in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"78","author":"Geyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.52","article-title":"Tolerance and the Effect of High Doses of Wheat Bran Extract, Containing Arabinoxylan\u2013Oligosaccharides, and Oligofructose on Faecal Output: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Trial","volume":"3","author":"Lescroart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.68","article-title":"A Randomised, Double- Blind, Cross-over Study Investigating the Prebiotic Effect of Agave Fructans in Healthy Human Subjects","volume":"4","author":"Ramnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1263605","article-title":"The Use of Inulin-Type Fructans Improves Stool Consistency in Constipated Children. A Randomised Clinical Trial: Pilot Study","volume":"68","author":"Luque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.0115","article-title":"Yacon-Based Product in the Modulation of Intestinal Constipation","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.192","article-title":"Effect of Inulin and Fructo-Oligosaccharide on the Prevention of Acute Radiation Enteritis in Patients with Gynecological Cancer and Impact on Quality-of-Life: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toporovski, M.S., de Morais, M.B., Abuhab, A., and Crippa J\u00fanior, M.A. (2021). Effect of Polydextrose\/Fructooligosaccharide Mixture on Constipation Symptoms in Children Aged 4 to 8 Years. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051634"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00214-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00214-20","article-title":"Galacto- and Fructo-Oligosaccharides Utilized for Growth by Cocultures of Bifidobacterial Species Characteristic of the Infant Gut","volume":"86","author":"Sims","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30199-2","article-title":"Chronic Constipation: New Insights, Better Outcomes?","volume":"4","author":"Schiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13446","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i37.13446","article-title":"Stool Characteristics of Infants Receiving Short-Chain Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Scholtens","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.08.005","article-title":"Prebiotic-Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides Preference of Probiotic Bifidobacteria and Antimicrobial Activity against Clostridium Difficile","volume":"18","author":"Kondepudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E779","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00108.2020","article-title":"Comparison of the Effects of Soluble Corn Fiber and Fructooligosaccharides on Metabolism, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiome of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"319","author":"Karnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1269","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00442.2002","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Colonic Transit via Intraluminal 5-HT Release in Rats","volume":"284","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.012","article-title":"Microbial Modulation of Energy Availability in the Colon Regulates Intestinal Transit","volume":"14","author":"Wichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz004","article-title":"Perspective: Physiologic Importance of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Nondigestible Carbohydrate Fermentation","volume":"10","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, B., Gu, J., Li, D., Cui, S., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., and Chen, W. (2018). Effects of Different Doses of Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the Composition of Mice Fecal Microbiota, Especially the Bifidobacterium Composition. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081105"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12186","article-title":"Prebiotic Stimulation of Human Colonic Butyrate-Producing Bacteria and Bifidobacteria, in Vitro","volume":"87","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries, J., Le Bourgot, C., Calame, W., and Respondek, F. (2019). Effects of \u03b2-Fructans Fiber on Bowel Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010091"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.011","article-title":"In Vitro Fermentation of Different Fructo-Oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium Strains for the Selection of Synbiotic Combinations","volume":"242","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022814-015706","article-title":"Genetic Mechanisms of Prebiotic Oligosaccharide Metabolism in Probiotic Microbes","volume":"6","author":"Goh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.11.007","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Ingestion of Fructooligosaccharides on the Absorption of Minerals and Trace Elements versus Control Groups","volume":"41","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390500215746","article-title":"Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides with Prebiotic Properties","volume":"46","author":"Swennen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v6.i4.99","article-title":"Starring Role of Toll-like Receptor-4 Activation in the Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"6","author":"Carotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2563S","article-title":"Inulin and Oligofructose: Review of Experimental Data on Immune Modulation","volume":"137","author":"Seifert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conley, T.E., Slater, R., Moss, S., Bulmer, D.C., Negro, J.D.L.R., Ijaz, U.Z., Pritchard, D.M., Parkes, M., and Probert, C. (2024). Microbiome-Driven IBS Metabotypes Influence Response to the Low FODMAP Diet: Insights from the Faecal Volatome. eBioMedicine, 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105282"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00113-4","article-title":"Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Balancing Diet and Pharmacotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1999.1349","article-title":"Evaluation of Safety of Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber","volume":"30","author":"Carabin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241700004X","article-title":"Dietary Fibre in Europe: Current State of Knowledge on Definitions, Sources, Recommendations, Intakes and Relationships to Health","volume":"30","author":"Stephen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.30","article-title":"Digestive Tolerance and Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses after Consumption of Dairy Desserts Containing Maltitol and Fructo-Oligosaccharides in Adults","volume":"68","author":"Respondek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.1.113","article-title":"Short-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharide Administration Dose-Dependently Increases Fecal Bifidobacteria in Healthy Humans","volume":"129","author":"Bouhnik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197837","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2197837","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fibers or Probiotics on Functional Constipation Symptoms and Roles of Gut Microbiota: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo Trial","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.415s","article-title":"Prebiotic Digestion and Fermentation","volume":"73","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/24\/3993\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:51:56Z","timestamp":1760115116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/13\/24\/3993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["foods13243993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13243993","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}