{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:18:08Z","timestamp":1784204288999,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.)","award":["HFRI-FM17-2496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFRI-FM17-2496"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the effect of free or immobilized Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus OLXAL-1 cells on oat flakes on the gut microbiota and metabolic and inflammatory markers in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) animal model. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned into eight groups (n = 6): healthy or diabetic animals that received either a control diet (CD and DCD), an oat-supplemented diet (OD and DOD), a diet supplemented with free L. rhamnosus OLXAL-1 cells (CFC and DFC), or a diet supplemented with immobilized L. rhamnosus OLXAL-1 cells on oat flakes (CIC and DIC). Neither L. rhamnosus OLXAL-1 nor oat supplementation led to any significant positive effects on body weight, insulin levels, plasma glucose concentrations, or lipid profile parameters. L. rhamnosus OLXAL-1 administration resulted in a rise in the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, as well as increased levels of lactic, acetic, and butyric acids in the feces of the diabetic animals. Additionally, supplementation with oat flakes significantly reduced the microbial populations of E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, staphylococci, and enterococci and lowered IL-1\u03b2 levels in the blood plasma of diabetic animals. These findings suggested that probiotic food-based strategies could have a potential therapeutic role in managing dysbiosis and inflammation associated with T1DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of Immobilized Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus OLXAL-1 Cells on Oat Flakes for Functional Regulation of the Intestinal Microbiome in a Type-1 Diabetic Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4060-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigorios","family":"Nelios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Prapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoria","family":"Mitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kompoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Balafas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Facility, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kostomitsopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Facility, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia E.","family":"Yanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Kourkoutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0942-8","article-title":"Diabetes relief in mice by glucose-sensing insulin-secreting human \u03b1-cells","volume":"567","author":"Furuyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3225-9","article-title":"The incidence of diabetes among 0-34 year olds in Sweden: New data and better methods","volume":"57","author":"Rawshani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Valencia, P.A., Bougn\u00e8res, P., and Valleron, A.J. 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