{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:49:45Z","timestamp":1788439785689,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDE\/2024\/000721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDE\/2024\/000721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Principality of Asturias","award":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Principality of Asturias","award":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"]}]},{"name":"Principality of Asturias","award":["IDE\/2024\/000721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDE\/2024\/000721"]}]},{"name":"AGENCIA SEKUENS (Gobierno de Asturias) and FEDER, EU","award":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140988OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"AGENCIA SEKUENS (Gobierno de Asturias) and FEDER, EU","award":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2021\/52120"]}]},{"name":"AGENCIA SEKUENS (Gobierno de Asturias) and FEDER, EU","award":["IDE\/2024\/000721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDE\/2024\/000721"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial biofilms play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases but are also very relevant in other fields such as the food industry. This fact has led to an increased focus on the early identification of these structures as prophylaxes to prevent biofilm-related contaminations or infections. One of the objectives of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of NIR (Near Infrared) spectroscopy in the detection and differentiation of biofilms from different bacterial species, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella\u00a0Typhymurium,\u00a0Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Additionally, we aimed to examine the capability of this technology to specifically identify S. aureus biofilms on glass surfaces commonly used as storage containers and processing equipment. We developed a detailed methodology for data acquisition and processing that takes into consideration the biochemical composition of these biofilms. To improve the quality of the spectral data, SNV (Standard Normal Variate) and Savitzky\u2013Golay filters were applied, which correct systematic variations and eliminate random noise, followed by an exploratory analysis that revealed significant spectral differences in the NIR range. Then, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce data dimensionality and, subsequently, a Random Forest discriminant statistical analysis was used to classify biofilms accurately and reliably. The samples were organized into two groups, a control set and a test set, for the purpose of performing a comparative analysis. Model validation yielded an accuracy of 80.00% in the first analysis (detection and differentiation of biofilm) and 93.75% in the second (identification of biofilm on glass surfaces), thus demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method. These results demonstrate that this technique is effective and reliable, indicating great potential for its application in the field of biofilm detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14060913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1741331146000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advances in the Detection and Identification of Bacterial Biofilms Through NIR Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1178-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Allende-Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering Research Group (CEGE), Area of Cartographic, Geodesic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Products Institute of Asturias, C\/Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2657-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining Technology, Topography and Structures, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avda. Astorga s\/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain"},{"name":"DRACONES Research Group, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avda. Astorga s\/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1213-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Products Institute of Asturias, C\/Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Products Institute of Asturias, C\/Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Recondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Applications (RSApps) Research Group, Area of Cartographic, Geodesic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Products Institute of Asturias, C\/Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, J., Tarar, S.M., Gul, I., Nawaz, U., and Arshad, M. 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