{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T05:31:26Z","timestamp":1794547886285,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":337,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found everywhere, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This review introduces PFASs comprehensively, discussing their nature and identifying their interconnection with microplastics and their impacts on public health and the environment. The human cost of decades of delay, cover-ups, and mismanagement of PFASs and plastic waste is outlined and briefly explained. Following that, PFASs and long-term health effects are critically assessed. Risk assessment is then critically reviewed, mentioning different tools and models. Scientific research and health impacts in the United States of America are critically analyzed, taking into consideration the Center for Disease Control (CDC)\u2019s PFAS Medical Studies and Guidelines. PFAS impact and activities studies around the world have focused on PFAS levels in food products and dietary intake in different countries such as China, European countries, USA and Australia. Moreover, PFASs in drinking water and food are outlined with regard to risks, mitigation, and regulatory needs, taking into account chemical contaminants in food and their impact on health and safety. Finally, PFAS impact and activities briefings specific to regions around the world are discussed, referring to Australia, Vietnam, Canada, Europe, the United States of America (USA), South America, and Africa. The PFAS crisis is a multifaceted issue, exacerbated by mismanagement, and it is discussed in the context of applying the following problem-solving analytical tools: the Domino Effect Model of accident causation, the Swiss Cheese Theory Model, and the Ishikawa Fish Bone Root Cause Analysis. Last but not least, PFASs\u2019 impacts on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030 are rigorously discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14060958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T10:53:07Z","timestamp":1741690387000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Research Progress in Current and Emerging Issues of PFASs\u2019 Global Impact: Long-Term Health Effects and Governance of Food Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5414-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher\u2014Food Safety Consultant, San Francisco Bay Area, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8839-7377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slim","family":"Smaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Duffill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Crop Development Vietnam Co., Ltd., Landmark 81, 720A Dien Bien Phu St., Binh Thanh Dist., Qu\u1eadn B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh, Ho Chi Minh City 718900, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Marandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Scientist Researcher, Food Policy and Legal Advisor, 26 Lauren Beth Dr., Richmond Hill, ON L4E 4K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Varzakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) (2024, September 27). 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