{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:21:26Z","timestamp":1787728886791,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Shandong","award":["2024TSGC0732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSGC0732"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Shandong","award":["ZDKC-2022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKC-2022-01"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Qingdao West Coast New Area","award":["2024TSGC0732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSGC0732"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Qingdao West Coast New Area","award":["ZDKC-2022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKC-2022-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) using a hydrocortisone-induced immunosuppressive model. Immunocompromised mice were treated with varying doses of PHP and the effects on macroscopic indicators, macrophage function, and both cellular and humoral immune functions were comprehensively assessed. The results showed that PHP significantly increased the body weight and indexes of the spleen and thymus, improved the disorder of blood cell populations, and enhanced macrophage activity. Furthermore, PHP improved T lymphocyte subtypes and differentiation and regulated the CD4+\/CD8+ ratio. PHP also promoted the expression of T-Bet and GATA-3 while maintaining immune homeostasis, alongside promoting cytokine secretion. PHP facilitated the production of antibody-generating cells, serum hemolysin, and antibodies. Western blot results revealed that PHP activates the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway. These findings suggested that PHP exerts immunomodulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14061018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:57:02Z","timestamp":1742201822000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis in Hydrocortisone-Induced Immunocompromised Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chunying","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaopeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"},{"name":"Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez L\u00f3pez, L.F., Gonz\u00e1lez Llerena, J.L., V\u00e1zquez Rodr\u00edguez, J.A., Medell\u00edn Guerrero, A.B., Gonz\u00e1lez Mart\u00ednez, B.E., Sol\u00eds P\u00e9rez, E., and L\u00f3pez-Cabanillas Lomel\u00ed, M. (2024). Dietary Modulation of the Immune System. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244363"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120326","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Porphyran, a Sulfated Galactan","volume":"301","author":"Pradhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00023B","article-title":"Two Polysaccharides from Porphyra Modulate Immune Homeostasis by NF-\u03baB-Dependent Immunocyte Differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.11.019","article-title":"Suppression of Th2 Immune Responses by the Sulfated Polysaccharide from Porphyra haitanensis in Tropomyosin-Sensitized Mice","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.032","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharide from Porphyra haitanensis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.012","article-title":"Immuno-Modulation Effect of Sulphated Polysaccharide (Porphyran) from Porphyra vietnamensis","volume":"57","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.57.1862","article-title":"Activation of Murine Macrophages by Polysaccharide Fractions from Marine Algae (Porphyra yezoensis)","volume":"57","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-021-10009-9","article-title":"Degraded Polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis: Purification, Physico-Chemical Properties, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities","volume":"38","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1050-y","article-title":"Antagonistic Effect of Laver, Pyropia yezonensis and P. haitanensis, on Subchronic Lead Poisoning in Rats","volume":"181","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101414","article-title":"Recent Progress in Porphyra haitanensis Polysaccharides: Extraction, Purification, Structural Insights, and Their Impact on Gastrointestinal Health and Oxidative Stress Management","volume":"22","author":"Cheong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, M., Jiang, Y., Wang, C., Yang, Q., Jiang, X., and Zhu, C. (2020). Determination of the Extraction, Physicochemical Characterization, and Digestibility of Sulfated Polysaccharides in Seaweed\u2014Porphyra haitanensis. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110539"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127042","article-title":"Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Bioactivity of PHPD-IV-4 Derived from Porphyra haitanensis","volume":"329","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103614","article-title":"Immunostimulatory and Immunoadjuvant Capacities of Soluble Rhamnan-Type Ulva Oligosaccharides","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2016.1228835","article-title":"Optimization of Pine Nut (Pinus koraiensis) Meal Protein Peptides on Immunocompetence in Innate and Adaptive Immunity Response Aspects","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00482C","article-title":"Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Cordyceps gunnii Mycelia against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression to TLR4\/TRAF6\/NF-\u03baB Signalling in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.08.002","article-title":"Phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus Inhibits Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Balb\/C Mice","volume":"23","author":"Ilangkovan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.05.046","article-title":"Se-Enriched G. Frondosa Polysaccharide Protects against Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Mice via MAPKs Signal Transduction Pathway","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02444A","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Activity of R-Phycoerythrin from Porphyra haitanensis via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB-Dependent Immunocyte Differentiation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.08.008","article-title":"Sulfated Polysaccharides: Immunomodulation and Signaling Mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.132","article-title":"Structures and Immunomodulatory Activity of One Galactose- and Arabinose-Rich Polysaccharide from Sambucus adnata","volume":"207","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173630","article-title":"Artesunate Protects Immunosuppression Mice Induced by Glucocorticoids via Enhancing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Release and Bacterial Clearance","volume":"890","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.139","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Pomegranate Peel Polysaccharides on Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102068","article-title":"Effect of Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Immune Function, and Gut Microflora of Broiler Chickens","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2A0419-117R","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 Reverses Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immune Deficiency by Regulating Fatty Acid Metabolism","volume":"106","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.046","article-title":"Coptis Chinensis Franch. Extract up-Regulate Type I Helper T-Cell Cytokine through MAPK Activation in MOLT-4 T Cell","volume":"189","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"329","article-title":"Effects of Different Anesthetic Methods on Immune Function and Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wideochir Inne Tech. Maloinwazyjne"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y., Ji, H., Yang, J., Ji, H., Dai, K., Ding, W., Zheng, G., and Yu, J. (2024). Immunoregulatory Effects of Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Modified Selenium Nanoparticles on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244073"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.042","article-title":"Immunostimulating Effect of Polysaccharides Isolated from Ma-Nuo-Xi Decoction in Cyclophosphamide-Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"146","author":"Jie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.029","article-title":"Chemoprotective Effects of Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharide in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Mice","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7954","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01257F","article-title":"The Immunoenhancement Effects of Sea Buckthorn Pulp Oil in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109081","article-title":"Magnoflorine from Tinospora crispa Upregulates Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Balb\/c Mice","volume":"111","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12066","article-title":"CD 4+ T-cell Depletion in HIV Infection: Mechanisms of Immunological Failure","volume":"254","author":"Okoye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.07.001","article-title":"Macrophages","volume":"Volume 342","author":"Guerriero","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0098","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000098","article-title":"Immune Drivers of HBsAg Loss in HBeAg-Negative CHB Patients after Stopping Nucleotide Analog and Administration of Peg-IFN","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210890","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1210890","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Lepidium meyenii Walp. Polysaccharides on an Immunosuppression Model Induced by Cyclophosphamide","volume":"2022","author":"Fei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102053","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Chicken Soups Prepared with the Native Cage-Free Chickens and the Commercial Caged Broilers","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i20.3084","article-title":"Metronomic Capecitabine Inhibits Liver Transplant Rejection in Rats by Triggering Recipients\u2019 T Cell Ferroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.06.010","article-title":"Immunoenhancement Effects of Pentadecapeptide Derived from Cyclina sinensis on Immune-Deficient Mice Induced by Cyclophosphamide","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2016.1272553","article-title":"Alleviation of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice by Naturally Acetylated Hemicellulose from Bamboo Shavings","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in Biology and Targeted Therapy: New Insights and Translational Implications","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.11.009","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re Inhibits Myocardial Fibrosis by Regulating miR-489\/Myd88\/NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-21-1998","article-title":"The Protective Role and Mechanism of Liriodendrin in Rats with Myocardial Infarction","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00279J","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Grifola frondosa Polysaccharide via Toll-like Receptor 4-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases-Nuclear Factor \u03baB Pathways","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201001-0009OC","article-title":"A Novel Phycobiliprotein Alleviates Allergic Airway Inflammation by Modulating Immune Responses","volume":"183","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/6\/1018\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:03Z","timestamp":1760028903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/6\/1018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14061018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14061018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}