{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:39:03Z","timestamp":1789958343595,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE,","award":["PID2022-137278OB-I00, EVALKALIM II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137278OB-I00, EVALKALIM II"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice husk (RH), a globally abundant agri-food waste, presents a promising renewable silicon source for producing SBA-15 mesoporous silica-based materials. This study aimed to synthesize and bifunctionalize SBA-15 using RH as a silica precursor, incorporating sulfonic and octadecyl groups to create a mixed-mode sorbent, RH-SBA-15-SO3H-C18, with reversed-phase and cation exchange properties. The material\u2019s structure and properties were characterized using advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy. These analyses confirmed an ordered mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 238 m2\/g, pore volume of 0.45 cm3\/g, pore diameter of 32 \u00c5, and uniform pore distribution, highlighting its exceptional textural qualities. This sorbent was effectively utilized in solid-phase extraction to purify 29 alkaloids from three families\u2014tropane, pyrrolizidine, and opium\u2014followed by an analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. The developed analytical method was validated and applied to gluten-free bread samples, revealing tropane and opium alkaloids, some at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. These findings demonstrate that RH-derived RH-SBA-15-SO3H-C18 is a viable, efficient alternative to commercial sorbents for monitoring natural toxins in food, offering a sustainable solution for repurposing agri-food waste while addressing food safety challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1743079262000},"page":"1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of Rice Husk-Derived SBA-15 Bifunctionalized with C18 and Sulfonic Groups for Solid-Phase Extraction of Tropane, Pyrrolizidine, and Opium Alkaloids in Gluten-Free Bread"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando L.","family":"Vera-Baquero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C\/Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Ga\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C\/Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4705-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C\/Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7150-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C\/Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Morante-Zarcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C\/Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00edas para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 M\u00f3stoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, (CONTAM) (2011). 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Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193040"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/7\/1156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:02:36Z","timestamp":1760029356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/7\/1156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14071156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14071156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]}}}