{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1793248339281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFB484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D20220071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20220071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT082301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT082301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYPT012305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYPT012305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Enshi Science and Technology Plan Project (Young Talent Project)","award":["2023AFB484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB484"]}]},{"name":"Enshi Science and Technology Plan Project (Young Talent Project)","award":["D20220071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20220071"]}]},{"name":"Enshi Science and Technology Plan Project (Young Talent Project)","award":["PT082301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT082301"]}]},{"name":"Enshi Science and Technology Plan Project (Young Talent Project)","award":["KYPT012305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYPT012305"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Hubei Engineering Research Center of selenium food nutrition and health intelligent technology (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["2023AFB484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB484"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Hubei Engineering Research Center of selenium food nutrition and health intelligent technology (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["D20220071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20220071"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Hubei Engineering Research Center of selenium food nutrition and health intelligent technology (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["PT082301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT082301"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Hubei Engineering Research Center of selenium food nutrition and health intelligent technology (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["KYPT012305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYPT012305"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["2023AFB484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB484"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["D20220071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20220071"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["PT082301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT082301"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University)","award":["KYPT012305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYPT012305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., a multifunctional herbaceous plant, is widely used in traditional medicine and cuisine due to its rich array of bioactive compounds. To date, many key phytochemicals in P. frutescens have been identified, including volatile terpenoids (perillaldehyde, limonene,), flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin), and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid derivatives), which exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, and blood sugar-lowering effects. Studies have shown that volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in P. frutescens exert their effects in various experimental models. In food and industrial applications, P. frutescens shows innovative potential in functional foods, natural preservatives, and novel food additives, effectively extending food shelf life and providing antimicrobial protection. Moreover, research on the biology and genetic improvement of P. frutescens has provided new approaches to enhance its yield and bioactive content. Finally, this paper also discusses the safety and standardization issues of the plant, providing theoretical support for its widespread application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1743654823000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Comprehensive Review of Perilla frutescens: Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Mechanisms, and Industrial Applications in Food and Health Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.023","article-title":"Phytochemical and phytopharmacological review of Perilla frutescens L. (Labiatae), a traditional edible-medicinal herb in China","volume":"108","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dossou, S.S.K., Deng, Q., Li, F., Wang, L., Jiang, N., Kefale, H., Zhou, R., Li, D., Tan, M., and Wang, L. (2025). Metabolic profiling of Perilla leaves of different colors: Insights into metabolite variation and bioactive compound distribution. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05984-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112441","article-title":"Profiling of nutritionally important metabolites in green\/red and green perilla (Perilla frutescens Britt.) cultivars: A comparative study","volume":"151","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, H.M. (2018). Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010102"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-022-01654-x","article-title":"Content and distribution of prunasin in Perilla frutescens","volume":"77","author":"Akatsuka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"369","article-title":"Perilla frutescens: A traditional medicine and food homologous plant","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouphael, Y., Kyriacou, M.C., Carillo, P., Pizzolongo, F., Romano, R., and Sifola, M.I. (2019). Chemical Eustress Elicits Tailored Responses and Enhances the Functional Quality of Novel Food Perilla frutescens. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010185"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111908","article-title":"Ultrasound pre-treatment combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves and its chemical composition and biological activity","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayalakshmi, S., Yoo, D.-S., Kim, D.-G., Chelliah, R., Barathikannan, K., Aloo, S.-O., Tyagi, A., Yan, P., Shan, L., and Gebre, T.S. (2023). Fermented Perilla frutescens leaves and their untargeted metabolomics by UHPLC-QTOF-MS reveal anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Food Biosci., 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103065"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113914","article-title":"Assessment of phenolic profiles from various organs in different species of perilla plant (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) and their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential","volume":"171","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33281","article-title":"A comprehensive review on nutritional, nutraceutical, and industrial perspectives of perilla (Perilla frutscens L.) seeds\u2014An orphan oilseed crop","volume":"10","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Luo, F., Qing, Z., Yang, H., Liu, X., Yang, Z., and Zeng, J. (2020). Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil of Ten Labiatae Species. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204862"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465118","article-title":"Recent progress in the extraction of terpenoids from essential oils and separation of the enantiomers by GC-MS","volume":"1730","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.155","article-title":"Identification and quantification of essential oil content and composition, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt","volume":"275","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, C., Zhang, H., Sun, C., Cao, J., Yang, H., Chen, J., Wang, Y., and Sun, C. (2024). The antifungal activity and mechanism of Perillaldehyde and its stabilized encapsulation technology for fruit preservation. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 207.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2023.112613"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashakor, A.H., Rezaei, A., Fouladseresht, H., and Mansury, D. (2024). Characterization and investigation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of coencapsulated limonene and thymol into the Ferula assafoetida gum microparticles. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130338"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Wang, K., Luo, J., Liu, Y., Tong, J., Qi, M., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., and Feng, J. (2023). Limonene anti-TMV activity and its mode of action. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105512"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.07.004","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. Japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability","volume":"10","author":"Ghimire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, X., Chen, S., Wu, L., Zhou, J., Jia, K., and Ju, W. (2021). Integrated Network Pharmacology and GC-MS-Based Metabolomics to Investigate the Effect of Xiang-Su Volatile Oil Against Menopausal Depression. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.765638"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.11.043","article-title":"Essential oils of green and red Perilla frutescens as potential sources of compounds for mosquito management","volume":"65","author":"Tabanca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-014-2242-8","article-title":"Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. aerial parts against two stored product insects","volume":"239","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139508","article-title":"Green and efficient extraction of flavonoids from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves based on natural deep eutectic solvents: Process optimization, component identification, and biological activity","volume":"452","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.09.015","article-title":"Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104870","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Apigenin against buffalopox: Novel mechanistic insights and drug-resistance considerations","volume":"181","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Luteolin promotes apoptotic cell death via upregulation of Nrf2 expression by DNA demethylase and the interaction of Nrf2 with p53 in human colon cancer cells","volume":"51","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156663","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits inflammation and M1 macrophage polarization in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia through suppressing EGFR\/PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB and EGFR\/ERK\/AP-1 signaling pathways","volume":"141","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Lin, J., Bai, B., Bo, T., He, Y., Fan, S., and Zhang, J. (2023). Study on Purification, Identification and Antioxidant of Flavonoids Extracted from Perilla leaves. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217273"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paek, J.H., Shin, K.H., Kang, Y.H., Lee, J.Y., and Lim, S.S. (2013). Rapid identification of aldose reductase inhibitory compounds from Perilla frutescens. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/679463"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.05.062","article-title":"Structural characterisation and antioxidant activity evaluation of phenolic compounds from cold-pressed Perilla frutescens var. arguta seed flour","volume":"164","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.-Y., Kim, J.-I., Kim, S.-W., Kim, S., Oh, E., Lee, J., Lee, E., An, Y.-J., Han, C.-Y., and Lee, H. (2024). Influence of Secondary Metabolites According to Maturation of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) on Respiratory Protective Effect in Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Induced Human Nasal Cell. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212119"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116120","article-title":"Identification and inhibition of key off-odorants in boiled greenfin horse-faced filefish (Thamnaconus septentrionalis) subjected to perilla polyphenols extract","volume":"199","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.12.042","article-title":"The hepatoprotection of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, major compounds of Perilla frutescens, against t-BHP-induced oxidative liver damage","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2017.1318289","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of Perilla frutescens leaves extract and isolation of free radical scavengers using step-wise HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC","volume":"20","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106667","article-title":"Extraction of rosmarinic acid from Perilla seeds using green protic ionic liquids","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00772-2","article-title":"Integration of transcriptomics and proteomics to elucidate inhibitory effect and mechanism of rosmarinic acid from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, G., Zou, X., Liang, Z., Wu, D., He, J., Xie, K., Jin, H., Wang, H., and Shen, Q. (2022). Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal molecular response of anthocyanins biosynthesis in perilla to light intensity. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.976449"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2009.03.010","article-title":"Concentrations of perillaldehyde, limonene, and anthocyanin of Perilla plants as affected by light quality under controlled environments","volume":"122","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2024.100565","article-title":"Pharmacological relevance of anthocyanin derivative: A review","volume":"14","author":"Bharathy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2025.112452","article-title":"Genetic Variations in FAD3 and Its Influence on Agronomic Traits and Fatty Acid Composition in Perilla Germplasm","volume":"355","author":"Yoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115334","article-title":"Structural characterization and antitumor activity of a polysaccharide extracted from Perilla frutescens var. frutescens","volume":"187","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.01.059","article-title":"Biological investigations on macro-morphological characteristics, polyphenolic acids, antioxidant activity of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. grown under open field","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.09.003","article-title":"Characterization of metabolite profiles from the leaves of green perilla (Perilla frutescens) by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and screening for their antioxidant properties","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.028","article-title":"Structural characterization of phenolic antioxidants from purple perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) leaves","volume":"148","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.J., Song, B.R., Kim, J.E., Bae, S.J., Choi, Y.J., Lee, S.J., Gong, J.E., Lee, H.S., Lee, C.Y., and Kim, B.H. (2020). Therapeutic Effects of Cold-Pressed Perilla Oil Mainly Consisting of Linolenic acid, Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid on UV-Induced Photoaging in NHDF Cells and SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040989"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9524657","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9524657","article-title":"Perillaldehyde Inhibits AHR Signaling and Activates NRF2 Antioxidant Pathway in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"2018","author":"Fuyuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.020","article-title":"Isolation of caffeic acid from Perilla frutescens and its role in enhancing \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity and glutathione level","volume":"119","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.02.013","article-title":"Luteolin from Purple Perilla mitigates ROS insult particularly in primary neurons","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00711-8","article-title":"Perilla frutescens Britton var. frutescens leaves attenuate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis in mice and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated angiogenic processes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.D., Yum, H.W., Zhong, X., Kim, S.H., Kim, S.H., Kim, D.H., Kim, S.J., Na, H.K., Sato, A., and Miura, T. (2017). Perilla frutescens Extracts Protects against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis: NF-kappaB, STAT3, and Nrf2 as Putative Targets. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00482"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.Y., Leu, Y.L., Fang, Y., Lin, C.F., Kuo, L.M., Sung, W.C., Tsai, Y.F., Chung, P.J., Lee, M.C., and Kuo, Y.T. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of Perilla frutescens in activated human neutrophils through two independent pathways: Src family kinases and Calcium. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18204"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paradee, N., Koonyosying, P., Kusirisin, W., Janthip, R., Kanjanapothi, D., Pattanapanyasat, K., and Srichairatanakool, S. (2021). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of Thai Perilla frutescence fruit oil in animals. Biosci. Rep., 41.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203166"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-010-0044-8","article-title":"Phytochemical profiles and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of Perilla frutescens cv. Chookyoupjaso mutants induced by mutagenesis with \u03b3-ray","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, A., Ye, Y., Han, B., Zhu, X., Xue, F., Yang, L., and Zhang, C. (2024). Effect of Perilla frutescens polyphenols against tight junction alterations and intestinal inflammation: A Caco-2\/macrophage co-culture model-based study integrated with network pharmacology. Food Biosci., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105459"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112679","article-title":"Glycoglycerolipids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Labiatae) and their anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells","volume":"184","author":"Zi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C.H., So, Y., Kim, H.Y., Han, S.N., and Kim, J.B. (2019). Anti-Arthritic Activities of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract Derived from Radiation Mutant Perilla frutescens Var. Crispa in Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122959"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhao, Y., Cheng, J., Wang, H., Pan, S., and Liu, Y. (2024). The Antiviral Potential of Perilla frutescens: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143328"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.01.005","article-title":"Perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf extract inhibits SARS-CoV-2 via direct virus inactivation","volume":"44","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Guo, Y., Song, Z., Chang, H., Kuang, Q., Zheng, Z., Wang, H., and Zhang, G. (2022). Luteolin restricts ASFV replication by regulating the NF-\u03baB\/STAT3\/ATF6 signaling pathway. Vet. Microbiol., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109527"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741573","article-title":"Evaluation on the antiviral activity of luteolin against largemouth bass virus","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3315","article-title":"Perillyl alcohol and perillic acid exert efficient action upon HSV-1 maturation and release of infective virus","volume":"25","author":"Mello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Nan, Y., Chen, G., Ning, N., Du, Y., Lu, D., Yang, Y., Meng, F., and Yuan, L. (2023). The Role and Mechanism of Perilla frutescens in Cancer Treatment. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155883"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J.H., Park, H.J., Chi, G.Y., Choi, Y.H., and Park, S.H. (2023). An Ethanol Extract of Perilla frutescens Leaves Suppresses Adrenergic Agonist-Induced Metastatic Ability of Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Src-Mediated EMT. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083414"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, P.J.B., Huang, S.K., De Castro-Cruz, K.A., Leron, R.B., and Tsai, P.W. (2023). An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12163006"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh034","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: Anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model","volume":"25","author":"Osakabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2174\/156800908786241050","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, T., Guo, Y., Han, W., Zhou, Y., Netala, V.R., Li, H., Li, H., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Exploring the Biomedical Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Perilla frutescens Flavonoid Extract: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cell Toxicity Properties against Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28176431"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netala, V.R., Hou, T., Sana, S.S., Li, H., and Zhang, Z. (2024). Rosmarinic Acid-Rich Perilla frutescens Extract-Derived Silver Nanoparticles: A Green Synthesis Approach for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications including Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061250"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.08.016","article-title":"Exploring natural essential oil components and antibacterial activity of solvent extracts from twelve Perilla frutescens L. Genotypes","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.04.048","article-title":"Regional variation in components and antioxidant and antifungal activities of Perilla frutescens essential oils in China","volume":"59","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112660","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of Aspergillus flavus reveals the antifungal action of Perilla frutescens essential oil by interfering with energy metabolism and defense function","volume":"154","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Liu, X., Zhang, T., Bai, B., Yang, Y., Bo, T., Chen, M., and Fan, S. (2024). Study on the bacteriostatic property and bacteriostatic mechanism of rosemarinic acid compounded bacteriostatic agent. Food Biosci., 59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103820"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00526-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00526-23","article-title":"Perillaldehyde functions as a potential antifungal agent by triggering metacaspase-independent apoptosis in Botrytis cinerea","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Teng, Y., Gu, Y., Wang, H., and Xia, X. (2025). Antibiofilm efficacies and mechanism of perillaldehyde against Shewanella putrefaciens. Food Microbiol., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104699"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116572","article-title":"Unlocking the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of \u03b5-poly-l-Lysine and perilla combination against Pseudomonas fluorescens: Insights from non-targeted metabolomic analyses","volume":"208","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Tu, Z., Xie, X., Cui, H., Kong, K.W., and Zhang, L. (2021). Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (alpha-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020315"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110965","article-title":"Perilla oil regulates intestinal microbiota and alleviates insulin resistance through the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in type-2 diabetic KKAy mice","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114291","article-title":"Perillaldehyde targeting PARP1 to inhibit TRPM2-CaMKII\/CaN signal transduction in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"150","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.R., and Kim, S.Y. (2019). Perilla frutescens Sprout Extract Protect Renal Mesangial Cell Dysfunction against High Glucose by Modulating AMPK and NADPH Oxidase Signaling. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020356"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2018.12.1.20","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic effects and signaling mechanism of Perilla frutescens sprout extract","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.01.023","article-title":"Protective effect of luteolin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage in mice via the regulation of RIP140\/NF-\u03baB pathway and insulin signalling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, J., Guo, P., Chen, M., Wang, W., Chen, X., Li, Q., He, Y., Liang, J., Yu, N., and Gao, P. (2025). Ultrasound-assisted extraction, purification, sulfation of Perilla leaves polysaccharide and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Ultrason. Sonochem., 107269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107269"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, D., Jee, H.J., Kim, S.Y., Hwang, S.H., Pil, G.B., and Jung, Y.S. (2022). Luteolin-7-O-Glucuronide Improves Depression-like and Stress Coping Behaviors in Sleep Deprivation Stress Model by Activation of the BDNF Signaling. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163314"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-017-1116-3","article-title":"The promotion of hair regrowth by topical application of a Perilla frutescens extract through increased cell viability and antagonism of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, M., Luo, L., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Yan, Y., Wang, F., Zou, Y., Zhu, H., Wu, X., and Jin, Z. (2025). Perillaldehyde Improves Parkinson-Like Deficits by Targeting G3BP Mediated Stress Granule Assembly in Preclinical Models. Adv. Sci., e2412152.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412152"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, N., Hao, J., Zhao, Y., Zhao, B., Lin, J., Song, J., Wang, M., and Luo, Z. (2025). A Novel Natural Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery: In Vitro\/In Vivo Evaluation and Penetration Enhancement Mechanism. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020254"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"6642606","article-title":"Isoegomaketone from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt stimulates MAPK\/ERK pathway in human keratinocyte to promote skin wound healing","volume":"2021","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Gao, C., Yang, J., Du, R., Zeng, F., Bing, H., Xia, B., Shen, Y., and Liu, C. (2023). Endophytic Streptomyces sp. NEAU-ZSY13 from the leaf of Perilla frutescens, as a promising broad-spectrum biocontrol agent against soil-borne diseases. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1243610"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"305","article-title":"Perilla frutescens modulates CYP1A1\/2 and HO-1 and activates Nrf2 in oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"58","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"115956","article-title":"Tobacco introduced Perilla frutescens and Ocimum basilicum genes attenuates neutrophilic inflammation in lung tissues of COPD rats","volume":"271","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Env. Saf."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Men, X., Li, S., Cai, X., Fu, L., Shao, Y., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Antiviral Activity of Luteolin against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040761"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"251","article-title":"Extract of Perilla frutescens inhibits tumor proliferation of HCC via PI3K\/AKT signal pathway","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"112847","article-title":"Effects of Perilla frutescens var. acuta in amyloid beta toxicity and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology in 5XFAD mice","volume":"161","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"116840","article-title":"Antidepressant effect of Perilla frutescens essential oil through monoamine neurotransmitters and BDNF\/TrkB signal pathway","volume":"318","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"106345","article-title":"Involvement of adenosine A1 receptor in the sleep-promoting effect of fermented Perilla frutescens","volume":"120","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"e22971","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental evidence: MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the anti-asthma roles of Perilla frutescens leaf","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"404","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of total flavonoids of Perilla frutescens leaves in hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet","volume":"44","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"259","article-title":"Water-extracted Perilla frutescens increases endometrial receptivity though leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent expression of integrins","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Jiang, N., Guo, G., Lu, S., Li, Z., Mu, Y., Xia, X., Xu, Z., Hu, Y., and Xiang, X. (2024). Perilla Seed Oil: A Review of Health Effects, Encapsulation Strategies and Applications in Food. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223615"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"8504","article-title":"Enzymatic interesterification of perilla seed oil and palm stearin: A sustainable approach to develop a novel zero-trans-fat margarine rich in omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"89","author":"Dhiman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Fatty acid composition and oil content of seeds from perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) var. frutescens) germplasm of Republic of Korea","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"100871","article-title":"Study on the lipid-lowering capacity of \u03b1-linolenic acid from Perilla seed oil in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2384","article-title":"Antiobesity Effects of Purple Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) on Adipocyte Differentiation and Mice Fed a High-fat Diet","volume":"83","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"100897","article-title":"Effects of storage temperature on biologically active ingredients of perilla drink","volume":"6","author":"Chi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"141369","article-title":"Improved skeletal muscle mass and strength through Protamex-mediated hydrolysis of perilla seed cake: Elevated rosmarinic acid levels as a contributing factor","volume":"463","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Luo, H., Netala, V.R., Li, H., Zhang, Z., and Hou, T. (2024). Comprehensive Review of Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Perilla Seed Meal Proteins and Peptides. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010047"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"e13540","article-title":"Protective effect of Perilla (Perilla frutescens)leaf essential oil on the quality of a surimi-based food","volume":"42","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"142025","article-title":"A novel gelatin\/chitosan-based \u201csandwich\u201d antibacterial nanofiber film loaded with perillaldehyde for the preservation of chilled chicken","volume":"465","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"e33689","article-title":"Preparation of Perilla frutescens L. essential oil hydrogel beads and preservation application research in strawberry","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, Z., Zheng, M., Yang, Y., Xie, C., Li, Z., and Xu, C. (2023). Temperature controlled microcapsule loaded with Perilla essential oil and its application in preservation of peaches. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1087605"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, L., and Yu, Q. (2024). Preservation of chilled beef using active films based on bacterial cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol with the incorporation of Perilla essential oil Pickering emulsion. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132118"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"2083","article-title":"The effect of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf extracts on the quality of surimi fish balls","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"141006","article-title":"Development and antimicrobial activity of composite edible films of chitosan and nisin incorporated with perilla essential oil-glycerol monolaurate emulsions","volume":"462","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I.A., Shi, B., Shi, H., Nawaz, A., Zhu, Z., Ijaz, M.U., Hussain, M., Khan, A., Wang, M., and Chen, F. (2022). Perilla frutescens seed meal as a fat substitute mitigates heterocyclic amine formation and protein oxidation and improves fatty acid profile of pan-fried chicken patties. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.975831"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"987","article-title":"Enzymatic hydrolysis of perilla seed meal yields water-soluble dietary fiber as a potential functional carbohydrate source","volume":"29","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"109419","article-title":"Exploring the metabolomic landscape: Perilla frutescens as a promising enhancer of production, flavor, and nutrition in Tan lamb meat","volume":"209","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"110017","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomic investigate milk and ruminal fluid of Holstein cows supplemented with Perilla frutescens leaf","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"193","article-title":"Effect of Perilla Essential Oil and Ginger Juice on the Flavor of Grilled Wuchang Fish","volume":"40","author":"Liqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"158","article-title":"Anthocyanins in perilla plants and dried leaves","volume":"147","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"162","article-title":"Co-pigmentation of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) anthocyanins with phenolic co-pigments and herbal extracts","volume":"279","author":"Klisurova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"375","article-title":"Quality Characteristics of Fermented Perilla Leaves Ice Cream Using Probiotics","volume":"41","author":"Hur","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"275","article-title":"NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U CH\u1ebe BI\u1ebeN K\u1eb8O M\u1ec0M S\u1eeeA B\u1ed4 SUNG SIRO T\u1eea L\u00c1 T\u00cdA T\u00d4 (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.)","volume":"229","author":"Trang","year":"2024","journal-title":"TNU J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthik, S., Chae, J., Han, S.J., Kim, J.H., Kim, H.J., Chung, Y.S., Kim, H.U., and Heo, J.B. (2024). Improving the Traits of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Using Gene Editing Technology. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13111466"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"155","article-title":"Gene set by de novo assembly of Perilla species and expression profiling between P. frutescens (L.) var. frutescens and var. crispa","volume":"559","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Yin, M., Dai, S., Bao, K., Song, C., Liu, C., and Wu, Q. (2021). Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens. BMC Plant Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03069-4"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, W., Shi-Mei, Y., Zhi-Wei, S., Jing, X., De-Gang, Z., Hong-Bin, W., and Qi, S. (2021). Genome-wide analysis of the fatty acid desaturase gene family reveals the key role of PfFAD3 in \u03b1-linolenic acid biosynthesis in perilla seeds. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.735862"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, B., Hao, Y., Lu, J., Bai, H., Guan, L., and Zhang, T. (2018). Transcriptomic analysis of Perilla frutescens seed to insight into the biosynthesis and metabolic of unsaturated fatty acids. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4595-z"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"8838","article-title":"Quantitative comparison and chemical profile analysis of different medicinal parts of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. from different varieties and harvest periods","volume":"70","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Shao, Y., Jiang, Z., Dang, J., Qu, C., and Wu, Q. (2023). The revealing of a novel double bond reductase related to perilla ketone biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens. BMC Plant Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04345-1"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"148828","article-title":"Comparative global profiling of Perilla leaf and stem via transcriptomics and metabolomics","volume":"929","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2020). Chinese Pharmacopoeia."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"107196","article-title":"Evaluation of edible and medicinal varieties based on multidimensional quantitative data: A case study of perilla leaf","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yu, M., Wei, Y., Zhou, Z., Guo, Y., Yuan, M., Jin, J., Li, J., Shen, H., and Wu, D. (2025). Risk assessment of developmental and neurotoxicity by the flavoring agent perillaldehyde: NAC (N-acetylcysteine) mitigation of oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 288.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.110071"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"6328","article-title":"Recent development in biological activities and safety concerns of perillaldehyde from perilla plants: A review","volume":"62","author":"Erhunmwunsee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"90","article-title":"Occupational asthma caused by inhaling smoke from roasting perilla seeds","volume":"1","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"14","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Characterization of Perilla Seed Allergy in Children","volume":"33","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"229","article-title":"Acute and sub-chronic 90-day oral toxicity study of Perilla seed oil in rodents and Beagle dogs","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"140965","article-title":"Rapid and accurate detection of cinnamon oil adulteration in perilla leaf oil using atmospheric solids analysis probe-mass spectrometry","volume":"462","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"(2024). Technical Code of Practice for Planting and Turning Green Manure to Fertilize in Degenerated Black Soil (Standard No. DB15\/T 3207-2024)."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/7\/1252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:14Z","timestamp":1760029754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/7\/1252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14071252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14071252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}