{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:57:19Z","timestamp":1779886639106,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-241-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-241-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is rich in polyphenols, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, making it a promising candidate for functional food development. This study investigated phytochemical profiles and bioactivities in different tamarillo parts. Various parts of tamarillo were extracted using water and ethanol (0\u201395%), with 95% ethanol yielding the highest content of bioactive compounds in the peel, pulp, mucilage, and whole fruit, while 75% ethanol was more effective for the seeds. Among tamarillo components, the peel exhibited the highest concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, along with superior antioxidant capacity, including strong scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (EC50, 45.26 \u00b5g extract\/mL) and high reducing power (EC50, 113.3 \u00b5g extract\/mL). The peel extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on \u03b1-glucosidase (IC50, 1.623 mg\/mL) and angiotensin-converting enzymes (IC50, 1.435 mg\/mL). In contrast, the pulp extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase (IC50, 0.882 mg\/mL) and \u03b1-amylase (IC50, 2.369 mg\/mL). These findings suggest that tamarillo extracts possess potent antioxidant activity and enzyme-inhibitory properties related to metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, gastrointestinal digestion simulation influenced the bioactive compound content and bioactivities. Overall, tamarillo has promising potential as a functional ingredient for MetS prevention, but processing strategies are needed to retain its bioactive properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1745440997000},"page":"1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome Prevention Potential of Tamarillo: Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition Before and After Digestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Shan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Dun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Anil Kumar, N.V., Zucca, P., Varoni, E.M., Dini, L., Panzarini, E., Rajkovic, J., Tsouh Fokou, P.V., Azzini, E., and Peluso, I. 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