{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:29:15Z","timestamp":1793413755198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["BK20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220491"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["32302027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302027"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Constipation is a common problem which often causes negative impacts on the patient\u2019s quality of life. Apart from the pharmacologic and diet approaches, the use of probiotics has gradually shown promising efficacy to alleviate constipation. However, an exact understanding of the underlying mechanisms of probiotic actions on alleviating constipation is still unclear and need to be explored. In this review, we propose a model, \u2018probiotics in human colon\u2019, from a bioprocess engineering perspective. This model can be interpreted as a new concept of bionic colonic bioreactor design of a human colon in vitro, in which the transport phenomena during the fermentation of chyme by probiotics can be detected. By reviewing the anatomy structure and peristalsis mode of the human colon, we have focused on the influence by probiotics on the physical properties of colonic contents during the fermentation process. We relate physical properties such as shape, water content, density, hardness, viscosity, and elasticity to constipation symptoms directly. The influences on the physical properties of colon contents triggered by probiotics can be a potential key to understand the mechanisms for alleviating constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14081335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T03:39:16Z","timestamp":1744601956000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Insights into a Conceptual Bionic Colonic Bioreactor: A Model, \u2018Probiotics in Human Colon\u2019, Showing How Probiotics Alleviate Constipation from a Bioprocess Engineering Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ni","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Dong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","article-title":"Bowel Disorders","volume":"150","author":"Lacy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014407","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Gut Motility and Constipation","volume":"8","author":"Dimidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00111-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barberio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"755","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Economic and Humanistic Burden of Illness in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Constipation","volume":"19","author":"Nellesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Pharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-003-0525-x","article-title":"Constipation\u2014Modern laxative therapy","volume":"11","author":"Klaschik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03238.x","article-title":"Chronic constipation: A survey of the patient perspective","volume":"25","author":"Johanson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15073","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 probiotic vs placebo, and impact on gut transit time, symptoms, and gut microbiology in chronic constipation","volume":"49","author":"Dimidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"103","article-title":"Are probiotics useful in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults? A review of existing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Kaminski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.01.003","article-title":"Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"29","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16214","article-title":"What Is New in Rome IV","volume":"23","author":"Schmulson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000267","article-title":"Perceptions of Constipation Among the General Public and People With Constipation Differ Strikingly From Those of General and Specialist Doctors and the Rome IV Criteria","volume":"114","author":"Dimidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100572","article-title":"Coexistent faecal incontinence and constipation: A cross-sectional study of 4027 adults undergoing specialist assessment","volume":"27","author":"Vollebregt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110743","article-title":"The final fate of food: On the establishment of in vitro colon models","volume":"150","author":"Hernalsteens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00487-5","article-title":"Understanding the physiology of human defaecation and disorders of continence and evacuation","volume":"18","author":"Heitmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.196121","article-title":"Colon lengthening slows transit: Is this the mechanism underlying redundant colon or slow transit constipation?","volume":"588","author":"Southwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01400.x","article-title":"Neuroanatomy and physiology of colorectal function and defaecation: From basic science to human clinical studies","volume":"21","author":"Brookes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01839.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal organization of pressure patterns throughout the unprepared colon during spontaneous defecation","volume":"95","author":"Bampton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.063","article-title":"Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research","volume":"132","author":"Penn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0421-0","article-title":"Viscoelastic solid-repellent coatings for extreme water saving and global sanitation","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1646","article-title":"Municipal wastewater sludge rheology: Impact of temperature, solid content, and settling solids","volume":"93","author":"Infusino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.1000761","article-title":"The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology","volume":"45","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2014.088","article-title":"Rheological modelling of fresh human faeces","volume":"4","author":"Woolley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v40i2.9","article-title":"Shear rheological properties of fresh human faeces with different moisture content","volume":"40","author":"Woolley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2011.5.1.22","article-title":"Probiotic Fermented Milk Containing Dietary Fiber Has Additive Effects in IBS with Constipation Compared to Plain Probiotic Fermented Milk","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2014.08.009","article-title":"Efficacy of pasteurised yoghurt in improving chronic constipation: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.08.037","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations from different Lactobacillus probiotic-fermented yoghurt treatments in slow-transit constipation","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12189","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of lyophilized, Kefir-fermented milk on constipation among persons with mental and physical disabilities","volume":"15","author":"Maki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nejati, F., Junne, S., and Neubauer, P. (2020). A Big World in Small Grain: A Review of Natural Milk Kefir Starters. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020192"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11025","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18639","article-title":"Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei Zhang and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis V9 alleviated constipation symptoms through regulation of intestinal microbiota, inflammation, and metabolic pathways","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.02.009","article-title":"Improvement of S-allyl-L-cysteine content, probiotic properties and constipation prevention effect of black garlic by the lactic acid bacteria fermentation","volume":"115","author":"Ro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111112","article-title":"Konjac glucomannan with probiotics acts as a combination laxative to relieve constipation in mice by increasing short-chain fatty acid metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine hormone release","volume":"84","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02227F","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 in combination with konjac glucomannan improves constipation in mice via humoral transport","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002028","article-title":"Usefulness of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in Elderly Individuals With Chronic Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"118","author":"Takeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106755","article-title":"Effect of the probiotic strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P9, on chronic constipation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"191","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-458","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum Lp3a improves functional constipation: Evidence from a human randomized clinical trial and animal model","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100875","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NCU-04 relieves constipation and the depressive-like behaviors induced by loperamide in mice through the microbiome-gut-brain axis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S309675","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis HFY14 on Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice by Regulating the VIP-cAMP-PKA-AQP3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0023","article-title":"Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis MN-Gup on constipation and the composition of gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makizaki, Y., Uemoto, T., Yokota, H., Yamamoto, M., Tanaka, Y., and Ohno, H. (2021). Improvement of loperamide-induced slow transit constipation by Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 is mediated by the correction of butyrate production and neurotransmitter profile due to improvement in dysbiosis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248584"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Yang, S., Sun, S., Si, Q., Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Wu, G., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., and Chen, W. (2020). Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains Relieve Loperamide-Induced Constipation via Different Pathways Independent of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00423"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6118","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00695J","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum S3 alleviates loperamide-induced constipation by modulating intestinal acetic acid and stearic acid levels in mice","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09542-9","article-title":"Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 in Constipation: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Madempudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-014-4106-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Two Bacillus subtilis Strains Isolated from Korean Fermented Food as Probiotics against Loperamide-induced Constipation in Mice","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5139-8","article-title":"Probiotics Ameliorate Stool Consistency in Patients with Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"63","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2021.e17","article-title":"Prebiotics\/Probiotics Mixture Induced Changes in Cecal Microbiome and Intestinal Morphology Alleviated the Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Rat","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, H., Li, Y., He, Y., Chen, F., Mi, B., Li, J., Xie, J., Ma, G., Yang, J., and Xu, K. (2023). Effects of dietary fibers or probiotics on functional constipation symptoms and roles of gut microbiota: A double-blinded randomized placebo trial. Gut Microbes, 15.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2197837"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.016","article-title":"The role of L.reuteri DSM17938 in nutritional recovery and treatment of constipation in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa\u2014A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"46","author":"Zaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.034","article-title":"Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Constipation","volume":"158","author":"Bharucha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1822276","article-title":"Psyllium: A useful functional ingredient in food systems","volume":"62","author":"Belorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-011-0722-4","article-title":"Usefulness of psyllium in rehabilitation of obstructed defecation","volume":"15","author":"Pucciani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalanka, J., Major, G., Murray, K., Singh, G., Nowak, A., Kurtz, C., Silos-Santiago, I., Johnston, J.M., de Vos, W.M., and Spiller, R. (2019). The Effect of Psyllium Husk on Intestinal Microbiota in Constipated Patients and Healthy Controls. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020433"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105676","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites by lactulose improves loperamide-induced constipation in mice","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110273","article-title":"The different effects of Chinese Herb Solid Drink and lactulose on gut microbiota in rats with slow transit constipation induced by compound diphenoxylate","volume":"143","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001704","article-title":"Role of Polyethylene Glycol in the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Children","volume":"65","author":"Koppen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Chen, Y.-Y., Xu, D.-Q., Yue, S.-J., Fu, R.-J., Yang, J., Xing, L.-M., and Tang, Y.-P. (2021). Action Mode of Gut Motility, Fluid and Electrolyte Transport in Chronic Constipation. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.630249"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30246-8","article-title":"Efficacy of drugs in chronic idiopathic constipation: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Luthra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02865-5","article-title":"Use of over-the-counter laxatives by community-dwelling adults to treat and prevent constipation: A national cross-sectional study","volume":"76","author":"Werth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werth, B.L., and Christopher, S.-A. (2021). Laxative Use in the Community: A Literature Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010143"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khuituan, P., K-da, S., Bannob, K., Hayeeawaema, F., Peerakietkhajorn, S., Tipbunjong, C., Wichienchot, S., and Charoenphandhu, N. (2019). Prebiotic oligosaccharides from dragon fruits alter gut motility in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108821"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001149","article-title":"Exploratory Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Green Kiwifruit, Psyllium, or Prunes in US Patients With Chronic Constipation","volume":"116","author":"Chey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8850","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01125A","article-title":"Fruits and their impact on the gut microbiota, gut motility and constipation","volume":"12","author":"Katsirma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.17221\/1433-CJAS","article-title":"Molecular profiling of bacterial species in the caecum of geese","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00969-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota and its biogeography","volume":"22","author":"McCallum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00397-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal biofilms in health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Motta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.08.009","article-title":"Bowel Biofilms: Tipping Points between a Healthy and Compromised Gut?","volume":"27","author":"Tytgat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13501","article-title":"The cecal appendix is correlated with greater maximal longevity in mammals","volume":"239","author":"Collard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00774-3","article-title":"The appendix and ulcerative colitis\u2014An unsolved connection","volume":"20","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X.D. (2024). Chemical Reaction Engineering of Nutritional Phenomena in Human Body. Front. Chem. Eng., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fceng.2024.1480523"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1286006","article-title":"Challenges in fecal donor selection and screening for fecal microbiota transplantation: A review","volume":"8","author":"Woodworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16074","article-title":"Serial Frozen Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction: A Preliminary Study","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Gu, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Wang, M., Long, Y., and Zhang, X. (2021). The Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Remarkable Clinical Therapy for Slow Transit Constipation in Future. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.732474"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8852","article-title":"Durable coexistence of donor and recipient strains after fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"352","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roy, T., Debedat, J., Marquet, F., Da-Cunha, C., Ichou, F., Guerre-Millo, M., Kapel, N., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., and Clement, K. (2019). Comparative Evaluation of Microbiota Engraftment Following Fecal Microbiota Transfer in Mice Models: Age, Kinetic and Microbial Status Matter. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03289"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokoliya, S.C., Dorsett, Y., Panier, H., and Zhou, Y. (2021). Procedures for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Murine Microbiome Studies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.711055"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1455790","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a source of novel antimicrobials","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"50","article-title":"Determination of Bacteriocin Genes and Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Fecal of Healthy Individuals","volume":"6","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00840-y","article-title":"Guild-based analysis for understanding gut microbiome in human health and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01353-4","article-title":"Polarization of microbial communities between competitive and cooperative metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Zhu, L., Chen, J., Tang, X., Pan, M., Yuan, W., and Wang, H. (2022). Efficacy of Probiotic Compounds in Relieving Constipation and Their Colonization in Gut Microbiota. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030666"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz, J., Javier Ruiz-Ojeda, F., Maria Vilchez-Padial, L., and Gil, A. (2017). Evidence of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Intestinal Chronic Diseases. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060555"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiippala, K., Jouhten, H., Ronkainen, A., Hartikainen, A., Kainulainen, V., Jalanka, J., and Satokari, R. (2018). The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080988"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.07.011","article-title":"A consumer\u2019s guide for probiotics: 10 golden rules for a correct use","volume":"49","author":"Toscano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09978-7","article-title":"Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health","volume":"103","author":"Rastall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.02.003","article-title":"Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products","volume":"32","author":"Chugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103953","article-title":"Acetic acid and butyric acid released in large intestine play different roles in the alleviation of constipation","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32835eb916","article-title":"Breath methane positivity is more common and higher in patients with objectively proven delayed transit constipation","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2010.16.1.40","article-title":"Frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and chronic non-specific diarrhea","volume":"16","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1702","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) on methane production in patients affected by functional constipation: A retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Ojetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001239","article-title":"Breath Methane Does Not Correlate With Constipation Severity or Bloating in Patients With Constipation","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28052","article-title":"Microbiota Composition and Metabolism Are Associated With Gut Function in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Cirstea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0053-6","article-title":"The status of vitamins B6, B12, folate, and of homocysteine in geriatric home residents receiving laxatives or dietary fiber","volume":"14","author":"Sturtzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.009","article-title":"Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01426-w","article-title":"Postbiotics-parabiotics: The new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods","volume":"19","author":"Nataraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2019.12.003","article-title":"Paraprobiotics and postbiotics: Concepts and potential applications in dairy products","volume":"32","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109502","article-title":"Postbiotics and paraprobiotics: From concepts to applications","volume":"136","author":"Liceaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153530","article-title":"Secretion and absorption by colonic crypts","volume":"67","author":"Geibel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negussie, A.B., Dell, A.C., Davis, B.A., and Geibel, J.P. (2022). Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101712"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20133063","article-title":"From Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin to mammalian endogenous guanylin hormones","volume":"47","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026699525487","article-title":"A comparison of stool characteristics from normal and constipated people","volume":"43","author":"Aichbichler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"81","article-title":"The relationship between stool hardness and stool composition in breast-fed and formula-fed infants","volume":"20","author":"Quinlan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.1.e7","article-title":"Formula tolerance in postbreastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants","volume":"103","author":"Lloyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000443","article-title":"Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity","volume":"59","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2015.20.1.64","article-title":"A Controlled, Randomized, Double-blind Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Vegetables and Whole Grain Powder That Is Rich in Dietary Fibers on Bowel Functions and Defecation in Constipated Young Adults","volume":"20","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.021","article-title":"Picky eating in preschool children: Associations with dietary fibre intakes and stool hardness","volume":"100","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09594B","article-title":"The influence of gut microbiota on the rheological characterization of soy hull polysaccharide and mucin interactions","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rsc Adv."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.06.056","article-title":"Enhanced production of short-chain fatty acid by co-fermentation of waste activated sludge and kitchen waste under alkaline conditions and its application to microbial fuel cells","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2017-0140","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of purified fiber affect their in vitro fermentation characteristics and are linked to in vivo characteristics in pigs","volume":"98","author":"Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.09.031","article-title":"Influence of viscosity on the growth of human gut microbiota","volume":"77","author":"Tamargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02174-0","article-title":"Rheology of human faeces and pathophysiology of defaecation","volume":"24","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/8\/1335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:13:25Z","timestamp":1760030005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/8\/1335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14081335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14081335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]}}}