{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:39:47Z","timestamp":1793399987363,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2023\/05394-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05394-9"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2024\/01721-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/01721-8"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2024\/13311-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/13311-9"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["FZNE-2024-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNE-2024-0013"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["2023\/05394-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05394-9"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["2024\/01721-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/01721-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["2024\/13311-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/13311-9"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, for funding CISAS","award":["FZNE-2024-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNE-2024-0013"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["2023\/05394-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05394-9"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["2024\/01721-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/01721-8"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["2024\/13311-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/13311-9"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05937\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federation","award":["FZNE-2024-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNE-2024-0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kombucha is an ancient, fermented beverage that has gained increasing popularity worldwide due to its potential health benefits. Its origins trace back to China, from where it spread across Asia and Europe before reaching the modern global market. The fermentation of kombucha is mediated by a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeasts (SCOBY), comprising yeasts, acetic acid bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria. The microbial consortium plays a crucial role in the production of organic acids and bioactive metabolites, shaping the sensory characteristics of the beverage. Given the growing interest in kombucha as a functional beverage, this study aims to explore its historical background, fermentation process, and microbiological composition, including key yeasts, acid acetic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria and their interactions. Additionally, we describe the potential health effects of kombucha, particularly its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, the probiotic potential of the strains associated with kombucha, and safety considerations while also addressing the risks associated with its consumption. Although several studies suggested that kombucha may have antioxidants, antimicrobial, and probiotic properties, as well as contribute to gut microbiota regulation and immune system support, there is significant variability in the composition of the beverage, especially in artisanal preparations. This variability poses challenges in standardizing its potential effects and ensuring consistent safety. The risk of contamination further underscores the importance of adhering to strict sanitary production standards. To scientifically validate its health benefits and guarantee safe consumption, further research with larger sample sizes and robust methodologies is essential. The findings of this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the functional properties of kombucha and provide scientific support for its safe and beneficial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:39:47Z","timestamp":1745833187000},"page":"1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Kombucha: An Old Tradition into a New Concept of a Beneficial, Health-Promoting Beverage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dhuelly Kelly Almeida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ProBacLab, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Experimental, Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland Campus, Auckland 0745, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia Maria Fran\u00e7a","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProBacLab, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Experimental, Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei Konstantinovich","family":"Shebeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, 1 Gagarina Sq., Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey Mikhailovich","family":"Ermakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, 1 Gagarina Sq., Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina Nikolaevna","family":"Khramova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Production Technology, Volgograd State Technical University, V.I. Lenin Avenue 28, Volgograd 400005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iskra Vitanova","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1665-8942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon da Silva","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProBacLab, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Experimental, Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Vaz-Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Nhamo","family":"Mutukumira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland Campus, Auckland 0745, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6377-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetoslav Dimitrov","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProBacLab, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Experimental, Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, I.M., Sechenov Forst Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12073","article-title":"A Review on Kombucha Tea\u2014Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus","volume":"13","author":"Jayabalan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. 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