{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1793506325010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Projectsof Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2024B040019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B040019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic alcohol consumption is a major contributor to gastric injury, yet current therapeutic strategies predominantly rely on chemical agents with limited efficacy and potential side effects. Natural products, with their multi-target biocompatibility and safety advantages, offer promising alternatives for gastric protection. We examined the phenolic compounds of Elaeagnus angustifolia honey (EAH) and investigated its prophylactic potential against ethanol-induced chronic gastric injury in mice. HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that 21 phenolic compounds were tentatively and qualitatively identified in EAH, as well as 14 phenolic compounds. Moreover, gastric ulcer indices, histopathological morphology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD), inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2), and cytokine gene expression (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, iNOS) were evaluated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot was employed to assess COX-2 protein expression, while 16S rRNA sequencing analyzed gut microbiota composition. The results demonstrated that EAH could play a role in gastric injury caused by long-term alcoholism by protecting gastric tissue structure, interfering with oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and remodeling the intestinal microbial community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1746082142000},"page":"1600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia Honey in the Protection Against Ethanol-Induced Chronic Gastric Injury via Counteracting Oxidative Stress, Interfering with Inflammation and Regulating Gut Microbiota in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (Research Institute), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (Research Institute), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Bee Product Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (Research Institute), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (Research Institute), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture (Research Institute), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Bee Product Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyer, M., Neumann, P., and Dietemann, V. (2016). A Look into the Cell: Honey Storage in Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161059"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.09.051","article-title":"Honey: Chemical Composition, Stability and Authenticity","volume":"196","author":"Gauche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.06.006","article-title":"The Dual Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Natural Honey Promote Cell Proliferation and Neural Regeneration in a Rat Model of Colitis","volume":"118","author":"Nooh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin, H., Kaltalioglu, K., Erisgin, Z., Coskun-Cevher, S., and Kolayli, S. (2019). Protective Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Some Honeys against HCl\/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13054"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.07.002","article-title":"Beneficial Roles of Honey Polyphenols against Some Human Degenerative Diseases: A Review","volume":"69","author":"Hossen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643824","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3643824","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiulcer Potential of Manuka Honey against Gastric Ulcer in Rats","volume":"2016","author":"Almasaudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.08.009","article-title":"Gelam Honey Attenuates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation in a Mice Model of Allergic Asthma","volume":"8","author":"Shamshuddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00460B","article-title":"Monofloral Honey from a Medical Plant, Prunella Vulgaris, Protected against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Modulating Gut Microbial Populations in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L.-P., Shi, F.-F., Zhang, W.-W., Zhang, Z.-H., and Wang, K. (2020). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.). Honey Extract. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081039"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00222-1","article-title":"Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Elaeagnus Angustifolia Fruit Extract","volume":"72","author":"Ahmadiani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2018.05.074","article-title":"Angustifolinoid A, a Macrocyclic Flavonoid Glycoside from Elaeagnus Angustifolia Flowers","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2005). Zhonghuabencao-Uygur Medicine, Shanghai Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.09.004","article-title":"Russian Olive (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.): From a Variety of Traditional Medicinal Applications to Its Novel Roles as Active Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Mutagenic and Analgesic Agent","volume":"7","author":"Hamidpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"16","article-title":"Four flavonoid glycosides from the pulps of Elaeagnus angustifolia and their antioxidant activities","volume":"756\u2013759","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.2001.1004","article-title":"Sugar and Phenolic Acid Composition of Stored Commercial Oleaster Fruits","volume":"14","author":"Ayaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"116","article-title":"A Study on Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of Elaeagnus Angustifolia L","volume":"11","author":"Okmen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leaves. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1978.11097714","article-title":"Methods of melissopalynology","volume":"59","author":"Louveaux","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"AOAC International (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2003). Determination of Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, and Maltose Contents in Honey\u2014High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Refractive Index Detection (Standard No. GB\/T 18932.22-2003)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2021.103999","article-title":"Determination of Free and Protein Amino Acid Content in Microalgae by HPLC-DAD with Pre-Column Derivatization and Pressure Hydrolysis","volume":"234","author":"Araya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11199","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170911199","article-title":"Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Algerian Honey","volume":"17","author":"Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40326b","article-title":"Uncertainties Estimation for Determination of 10 Elements in Northeastern China Black Bee Honey by ICP-MS","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108863","article-title":"Method for Identifying Acacia Honey Adulterated by Resin Absorption: HPLC-ECD Coupled with Chemometrics","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.04.039","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chinese Propolis during Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity in Cultured Hepatocytes","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2015.18.008","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Pharmacopuncture for Teating Ethanol-Induced Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Liu, X. (2017). Intervention Effects of Chicoric Acid on Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction and Its Molecular Mechanisms. [Ph.D. Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30083","article-title":"Differential Regulation of TGF-\u03b2 Signal in Hepatic Stellate Cells between Acute and Chronic Rat Liver Injury","volume":"35","author":"Tahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A Versatile Open Source Tool for Metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W.S., and Huttenhower, C. (2011). Metagenomic Biomarker Discovery and Explanation. Genome Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission (2001). Codex Standard for Honey (CODEX STAN 12-1981, Rev. 2001), Codex Alimentarius Commission."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.010","article-title":"Volatile Compounds of Argentinean Honeys: Correlation with Floral and Geographical Origin","volume":"246","author":"Patrignani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.011","article-title":"Protective Effects of \u03b2-Glucan Isolated from Highland Barley on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage in Rats and Its Benefits to Mice Gut Conditions","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00433E","article-title":"Protective Effect of Polysaccharides from Radix Hedysari on Gastric Ulcers Induced by Acetic Acid in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2412","article-title":"Phenolic Profiling of Portuguese Propolis by LC-MS Spectrometry: Uncommon Propolis Rich in Flavonoid Glycosides","volume":"24","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.045","article-title":"Gastroprotective Actions of Taraxacum Coreanum Nakai Water Extracts in Ethanol-Induced Rat Models of Acute and Chronic Gastritis","volume":"208","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.07.030","article-title":"Effect and Mechanism of Evodiamine against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Suppressing Rho\/NF-\u043aB Pathway","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.022","article-title":"Rape Bee Pollen Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis by Neutralizing IL-1\u03b2 and Regulating the Gut Microbiota in Mice","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-L., Shirakawa, H., Lu, N.-S., Peng, H.-C., Xiao, Q., and Yang, S.-C. (2020). Impacts of Fish Oil on the Gut Microbiota of Rats with Alcoholic Liver Damage. J. Nutr. Biochem., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108491"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01278-1","article-title":"Low Dose Administration of Mature Silkworm Powder Induces Gastric Mucosal Defense Factors in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury Rat Model","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Antioxidant and Wound Healing Potential of Saponins Extracted from the Leaves of Algerian Urtica dioica L","volume":"30","author":"Razika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.06.017","article-title":"Effect of Mouriri Pusa Tannins and Flavonoids on Prevention and Treatment against Experimental Gastric Ulcer","volume":"131","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.06.016","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic effect of cavidine against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in mice and possible underlying mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.01.021","article-title":"Protective Effects of Edible Rhus Tripartita (Ucria) Stem Extract against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats","volume":"30","author":"Tlili","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.07.001","article-title":"Anti-Ulcer Effect of Gallarhois Extract with Anti-Oxidant Activity in an ICR Model of Ethanol\/Hydrochloride Acid-Induced Gastric Injury","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106660","article-title":"A Potential Drug Combination of Omeprazole and Patchouli Alcohol Significantly Normalizes Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses against Gastric Ulcer in Ethanol-Induced Rat Model","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-009-0203-5","article-title":"Composition of Biologically Active Substances Isolated from the Fruits of Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Introduced in the European Part of Russia","volume":"42","author":"Abizov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112297","article-title":"Gastroprotective Effects of Erythrina Speciosa (Fabaceae) Leaves Cultivated in Egypt against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats","volume":"248","author":"Fahmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves J\u00fanior, E.B., de Oliveira Formiga, R., de Lima Serafim, C.A., Cristina Araruna, M.E., de Souza Pessoa, M.L., Vasconcelos, R.C., de Carvalho, T.G., de Jesus, T.G., Ara\u00fajo, A.A., and de Araujo Junior, R.F. (2020). Estragole Prevents Gastric Ulcers via Cytoprotective, Antioxidant and Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in Animal Models. Biomed. Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110578"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.120","article-title":"Central Ghrelin Gastroprotection Involves Nitric Oxide\/Prostaglandin Cross-Talk","volume":"154","author":"Sibilia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.05.035","article-title":"Protective Effect of Tetrahydrocoptisine against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice","volume":"272","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Protective Effects of Costunolide and Dehydrocostuslactone on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice Based on Multi-Pathway Regulation","volume":"250","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmp014","article-title":"Protective Effects of DIDS against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(01)00003-1","article-title":"Role of Cyclooxygenase Isoforms in Gastric Mucosal Defence","volume":"95","author":"Peskar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.069","article-title":"Olive (Olea Europaea) Leaf Methanolic Extract Prevents HCl\/Ethanol-Induced Gastritis in Rats by Attenuating Inflammation and Augmenting Antioxidant Enzyme Activities","volume":"91","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.01.015","article-title":"Gastroprotective Effect of Crocin in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats","volume":"229","author":"Rizk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.11.011","article-title":"Protective Effect of Chelerythrine against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703296","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6703296","article-title":"Protective Effects of Miswak (Salvadora Persica) against Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats","volume":"2018","author":"Lebda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.09.004","article-title":"Dl-Trans-3,4-Dihydroxy-1-Selenolane (DHSred) Heals Indomethacin-Mediated Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Modulating Arginine Metabolism","volume":"1840","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.031","article-title":"Involvement of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signal Transduction Pathways: Camellia Japonica Mitigates Inflammation and Gastric Ulcer","volume":"95","author":"Akanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.12.014","article-title":"Protective Effect of \u03b4-Amyrone against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice","volume":"220","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.068","article-title":"Protective Effects of Bilobalide against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Vivo\/Vitro","volume":"85","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3797\/scipharm.2006.74.21","article-title":"Investigation of the Direct Effects of the Alcoholic Extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) on Dispersed Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells of Guinea Pig","volume":"74","author":"Mohammed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"31","article-title":"Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Type 1 and 2 Enzyme by Aqueous Extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia in Mice","volume":"2","author":"Farahbakhsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, G., Guan, Y.-Y., Zhang, Z.-L., Rahman, K., Wang, S.-J., Zhou, S., Luan, X., and Zhang, H. (2020). Isorhamnetin: A Review of Pharmacological Effects. Biomed. Pharmacother., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110301"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01472-8","article-title":"The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells: Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer","volume":"52","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00999-1","article-title":"Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by Flavonoids in Macrophage J774A.1","volume":"68","author":"Raso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.10.002","article-title":"Decreased Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production by LPS-Stimulated PBMC upon in Vitro Incubation with the Flavonoids Apigenin, Luteolin or Chrysin, Due to Selective Elimination of Monocytes\/Macrophages","volume":"69","author":"Hougee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030212-182554","article-title":"Impact of Diet on Human Intestinal Microbiota and Health","volume":"5","author":"Salonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Engen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900638","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900638","article-title":"Honey Polyphenols Ameliorate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Modulating Gut Microbiota in Rats","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasowska, A., and Sigler, K. (2014). How Microorganisms Use Hydrophobicity and What Does This Mean for Human Needs?. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00112"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.2.279-283.1989","article-title":"Colonization of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract by Lactobacilli","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3050613","article-title":"Lactobacillus Adhesion to Mucus","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01608.x","article-title":"Oxygen-Dependent Autoaggregation in Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1","volume":"10","author":"McLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.1.140","article-title":"Bacterial Autoaggregation","volume":"4","author":"Trunk","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celebioglu, H.U., Erden, Y., and Ozel, H.B. (2021). In Vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Lactobacilli Grown with Lime Honey on Human Breast and Colon Cancer Cells. Food Biosci., 41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101020"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.02.032","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of the Intestinal Metabolome of Childhood Asthma","volume":"144","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waters, J.L., and Ley, R.E. (2019). The Human Gut Bacteria Christensenellaceae Are Widespread, Heritable, and Associated with Health. BMC Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0699-4"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03235-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03235-19","article-title":"Syntrophy via Interspecies H2 Transfer between Christensenella and Methanobrevibacter Underlies Their Global Cooccurrence in the Human Gut","volume":"11","author":"Ruaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.08.011","article-title":"Mentha spicata L. Essential Oil, Phytochemistry and Its Effectiveness in Flatulence","volume":"11","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.057","article-title":"Intestinal Gases and Flatulence: Possible Causes of Occurrence","volume":"67","author":"Kurbel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507853384","article-title":"Flavanol Monomer-Induced Changes to the Human Faecal Microflora","volume":"99","author":"Tzounis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/9\/1600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:25:46Z","timestamp":1760030746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/9\/1600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14091600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14091600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}