{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:37:43Z","timestamp":1792798663637,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between nutrition and endometriosis is controversial. This umbrella review aimed to investigate whether specific dietetic strategies are useful for reducing endometriosis risk\/symptoms. Systematic reviews on diet therapies for endometriosis were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Evidence Synthesis methodology, and an umbrella review was implemented using Jamovi software. The 10 included systematic reviews comprised observational studies (cohort, case\u2013control, cross-sectional) and interventional trials (randomized, non-randomized). A mild (class IV, lowest strength on evidence quartile) protective effect on vegetables (RR 0.590; 95% CI 0.49\u20130.71 p &lt; 0.001), cheese (OR 0.840; 95% CI 0.74\u20130.96 p = 0.011), total dairy (RR 0.874; 95% CI 0.81\u20130.95 p = 0.001), and high-fat dairy (RR 0.590; 95% CI 0.81\u20130.99 p = 0.025) was found. Butter (RR 1.266; 95% CI 1.03\u20131.55 p = 0.024) and high caffeine (&gt;300 mg\/day) (RR 1.303; 95% CI 1.05\u20131.62 p = 0.019) consumption increased the risk of endometriosis. Other food groups had low-quality evidence due to limited studies. A higher intake of vegetables and dairy products may reduce the risk and\/or symptoms of endometriosis, while a high intake of caffeine and butter may increase the risk. However, the heterogeneity across studies is significant, and the overall quality of the findings is low. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct new research in this field, focusing on well-designed randomized trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14122087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1750051713000},"page":"2087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Diet and Endometriosis: An Umbrella Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenycia C. L.","family":"Neri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6255-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Quintiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2790-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"ONFoods\u2014Research and Innovation Network on Food and Nutrition Sustainability, Safety and Security\u2014Working ON Foods, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6327-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Guglielmetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottavia Eleonora","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Gardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"Endometriosis still a challenge","volume":"7","author":"Mehedintu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.03.001","article-title":"Endometriosis and the development of malignant tumours of the pelvis. A review of literature","volume":"18","author":"Amant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108330568","article-title":"Priorities for endometriosis research: Recommendations from an international consensus workshop","volume":"16","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del339","article-title":"Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: A multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients","volume":"22","author":"Vercellini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koninckx, P.R., Fernandes, R., Ussia, A., Schindler, L., Wattiez, A., Al-Suwaidi, S., Amro, B., Al-Maamari, B., Hakim, Z., and Tahlak, M. (2021). Pathogenesis based diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.745548"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/2284026518769022","article-title":"Diet and endometriosis-revisiting the linkages to inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Saguyod","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endometr. Pelvic Pain Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"CD009590","article-title":"Endometriosis: An overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"2014","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). Chapter 10: Umbrella reviews. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-17-08"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosling, C.J., Solanes, A., Fusar-Poli, P., and Radua, J. (2023). Metaumbrella: The first comprehensive suite to perform data analysis in umbrella reviews with stratification of the evidence. BMJ Ment. Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2022-300534"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e1000206","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: Strumento per la valutazione critica di revisionisistematiche di trial randomizzati e\/o di studi nonrandomizzati sull\u2019efficacia degli interventi sanitari","volume":"12","author":"Shea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2016). Why most clinical research is not useful. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002049"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.12.006","article-title":"Endometriosis, dysmenorrhea and diet--what is the evidence?","volume":"132","author":"Fjerbaek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.03.028","article-title":"Endometriosis, dysmenorrhoea and diet","volume":"169","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"182","article-title":"Endometriosis: Can diet help and if so, what kind?","volume":"68","author":"Heinze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ernaehrungs Umsch."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1207-0557","article-title":"Does nutrition affect endometriosis?","volume":"81","author":"Helbig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Und Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2012.12.011","article-title":"Diet and endometriosis risk: A literature review","volume":"26","author":"Parazzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/2284026518773212","article-title":"Endometriosis and food habits: Can diet make the difference?","volume":"10","author":"Soave","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endometr. Pelvic Pain Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0662-7","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine intake and risk of endometriosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Chiaffarino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.014","article-title":"The effects of nutrients on symptoms in women with endometriosis: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Huijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00418-w","article-title":"Effectiveness of dietary interventions in the treatment of endometriosis: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Nirgianakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.02.028","article-title":"Impact of diet on pain perception in women with endometriosis: A systematic review","volume":"271","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-022-00812-x","article-title":"Food groups and nutrients consumption and risk of endometriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Arab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41248","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.41248","article-title":"Diet and Risk of Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"19","author":"Hoorsan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00432-1","article-title":"Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Sukan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, X., Zhang, W., Ge, M., Sun, Q., Peng, L., Cheng, W., and Li, X. (2021). Relationship Between Dairy Products Intake and Risk of Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.701860"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00952-9","article-title":"The Efficacy of Self-Management Strategies for Females with Endometriosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Mardon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kechagias, K.S., Katsikas Triantafyllidis, K., Kyriakidou, M., Giannos, P., Kalliala, I., Veroniki, A.A., Paraskevaidi, M., and Kyrgiou, M. (2021). The Relation Between Caffeine Consumption and Endometriosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103457"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C14","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-21-0110","article-title":"Endometriosis and the effects of dietary interventions: What are we looking for?","volume":"3","author":"Nap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirillo, M., Argento, F.R., Attanasio, M., Becatti, M., Ladisa, I., Fiorillo, C., Coccia, M.E., and Fatini, C. (2023). Atherosclerosis and Endometriosis: The Role of Diet and Oxidative Stress in a Gender-Specific Disorder. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020450"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2741\/4431","article-title":"Inflammation and endometriosis","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piecuch, M., Garbicz, J., Waliczek, M., Malinowska-Borowska, J., and Rozentryt, P. (2022). I Am the 1 in 10-What Should I Eat? A Research Review of Nutrition in Endometriosis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245283"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clower, L., Fleshman, T., Geldenhuys, W.J., and Santanam, N. (2022). Targeting oxidative stress involved in endometriosis and its pain. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081055"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7265238","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7265238","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endometriosis: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"2017","author":"Scutiero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5513","article-title":"Oxidative stress in endometriosis: Sources, mechanisms and therapeutic potential of antioxidants (Review)","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1075","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pelvic cavity and its role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis","volume":"106","author":"Donnez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacciottola, L., Donnez, J., and Dolmans, M.-M. (2021). Can Endometriosis-Related Oxidative Stress Pave the Way for New Treatment Targets?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137138"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19384","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28666","article-title":"The role of inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of endometriosis: Basic science and new insights based on gene expression","volume":"234","author":"Samimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"109","article-title":"Association of endometriosis and oxidative stress","volume":"4","author":"Diningrat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7924021","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7924021","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress and Membrane Transport Systems during Endometriosis: A Fresh Look at a Busy Corner","volume":"2018","author":"Vitale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01701-w","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Interventions on Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"31","author":"Meneghetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003661","article-title":"Diet and risk of endometriosis in a population-based case-control study","volume":"105","author":"Trabert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velho, R.V., Werner, F., and Mechsner, S. (2023). Endo Belly: What Is It and Why Does It Happen?-A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227176"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507243065","article-title":"Composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiota in consumers and non-consumers of yogurt","volume":"97","author":"Alvaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02015.x","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Nobaek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.050","article-title":"Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles","volume":"128","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Ohman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.09.010","article-title":"Dairy consumption during adolescence and endometriosis risk","volume":"222","author":"Nodler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0418-1","article-title":"The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease","volume":"52","author":"Kratz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01630-7","article-title":"Immunobiology of endometriosis","volume":"75","author":"Lebovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1521","article-title":"Trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure","volume":"80","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.606","article-title":"Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women","volume":"79","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.6.969","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: A randomized crossover study","volume":"79","author":"Baer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"124","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle and diet on endometriosis: A fresh look to a busy corner","volume":"21","author":"Habib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prz. Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2021.1995900","article-title":"The relationship between endometriosis and diet","volume":"26","author":"Sanlier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil. (Camb)"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/12\/2087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:51:46Z","timestamp":1760032306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/12\/2087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14122087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14122087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}}}