{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:21:16Z","timestamp":1792801276326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review paper addresses the design and testing of ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers, highlighting their critical functions in various industries, particularly foods, medicine, and research. ULT freezers operating at temperatures of \u221286 \u00b0C and lower have come a long way with improvements in freezing technology, for instance, from traditional vapor compression systems to new multi-stage refrigeration technologies. This progress has added operational reliability and energy efficiency, essential for preserving delicate samples and facilitating groundbreaking research. The article deeply explores the contribution of refrigerants to ULT freezer efficiency and sustainability. With the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), previously reliant on them, being prohibited due to environmental concerns, the sector opted for environmentally friendly substitutes like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), natural refrigerants, and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs). Regulatory compliance is ensured by rigid validation protocols to guarantee ULT freezers are safe and meet quality requirements without compromising the integrity of the stored material. In addition to their wide-ranging advantages, ULT freezers also have disadvantages, such as energy efficiency, incorporating automation, the integration of IoT and AI for proactive maintenance, and the development of environmentally sustainable refrigerants. Adequate management strategies, including regular employee training and advanced monitoring systems, are vital to counteract threats from temperature variations and reduce long-term diminished performance. Finally, subsequent innovations in ULT freezer technology will not only aid in research and medical initiatives but also support sustainable practices, ensuring their core role as beacons of innovation in preserving the quality of precious biological materials and increasing public health gains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14132298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1751264316000},"page":"2298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evolution and Evaluation of Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers: A Comprehensive Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Kypraiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Program in Quality and Technology Management, School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Varzakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Program in Quality and Technology Management, School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-019-00177-4","article-title":"Clinical relevance of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in patients of an Austrian medical practice: A family practice-based observational study","volume":"7","author":"Kamenski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Real World Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03352.x","article-title":"Storage time of blood products and transfusion-related acute lung injury","volume":"52","author":"Middelburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2021.11.005","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine distribution solution to the last mile challenge: Experimental and simulation studies of ultra-low temperature refrigeration system","volume":"133","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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