{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:39:35Z","timestamp":1760060375384,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81573303","2024ZZ01","2024QZ05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81573303","2024ZZ01","2024QZ05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Engineering Team Project","award":["81573303","2024ZZ01","2024QZ05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81573303","2024ZZ01","2024QZ05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tupistra chinensis Baker, traditionally used in southern China as a folk remedy for sore throat and pharyngitis, has long been consumed as a medicinal tea. Steroidal saponins are considered the major bioactive constituents of its rhizome, yet systematic studies on their extraction and biological effects remain scarce. In this study, total steroidal saponins from T. chinensis (TCS) were prepared through optimized extraction and enrichment processes. Response surface methodology identified optimal conditions, and subsequent purification with D-101 resin increased the saponin content to 67.3%. The anti-inflammatory activity of TCS was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, TCS significantly inhibited nitric oxide production and downregulated the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, partly through suppression of NF-\u03baB activation. In a rat model of acute pharyngitis, TCS alleviated pathological symptoms, preserved mucosal integrity, and reduced NF-\u03baB expression. These findings demonstrate that TCS possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity and may serve as a promising candidate for the development of functional foods or natural therapeutics aimed at pharyngitis management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14172964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:14Z","timestamp":1756189574000},"page":"2964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tupistra chinensis Baker Total Saponins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yajing","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangjiu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.48.1350","article-title":"Spirostanol sapogenins from the underground parts of Tupistra chinensis","volume":"48","author":"Pan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. 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