{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:44:12Z","timestamp":1775486652438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32402259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402259"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023M742281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M742281"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32402259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M742281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M742281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) foodborne pathogens poses grave threats to food safety. This study characterizes the genome of an XDR Salmonella Kentucky isolate (Sal23C1) co-harboring cfr, mcr-1 and tet(A) from Shanghai chicken meat in 2022, which was the only isolate co-harboring these three key resistance genes among 502 screened Salmonella isolates. Genomic analysis revealed that the multidrug resistance gene cfr, which confers resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins and streptogramin A, was identified within a Tn3-IS6-cfr-IS6 structure on the transferable plasmid p3Sal23C1 (32,387 bp), showing high similarity to the Citrobacter braakii plasmid pCE32-2 (99% coverage, 99.98% identity). Concurrently, the mcr-1 gene resided in a pap2-mcr-1 structure on the transferable IncI2 plasmid p2Sal23C1 (63,103 bp). Notably, both genes could be co-transferred to recipient bacteria via conjugative plasmids at frequencies of (1.15 \u00b1 0.98) \u00d7 10\u22126. Furthermore, a novel ~79 kb multidrug resistance region (MRR) chromosomally inserted at the bcfH locus was identified, carrying fosA3, mph(A), rmtB, qnrS1 and blaCTX-M-55. Additionally, a novel Salmonella Genomic Island 1 variant (SGI1-KI) harbored aadA7, qacE\u03941, sul1 and the tet(A) variant. The acquisition of these antibiotic resistance genes in this isolate enhanced bacterial resistance to 21 antimicrobials, including resistance to the critical last-resort antibiotics tigecycline and colistin, which left virtually no treatment options for potential infections. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive genomic report of an XDR poultry-derived Salmonella Kentucky isolate co-harboring cfr, mcr-1 and the tet(A) variant. The mobility of these resistance genes, facilitated by IS6 elements and conjugative plasmids, underscores significant public health risks associated with such isolates in the food chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14173025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1756454461000},"page":"3025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of an Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Kentucky ST198 Co-Harboring cfr, mcr-1 and tet(A) Variant from Retail Chicken Meat in Shanghai, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5994-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeqiang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratorya for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratorya for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratorya for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zizza, A., Fallucca, A., Guido, M., Restivo, V., Roveta, M., and Trucchi, C. (2024). Foodborne infections and Salmonella: Current primary prevention tools and future perspectives. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010029"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, G., Kumar, S., Jangid, H., Dutta, J., and Shidiki, A. (2025). The rise of non-typhoidal Salmonella: An emerging global public health concern. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1524287"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., He, S., Chang, J., Hu, M., Zhang, Z., Cui, Y., and Shi, X. (2025). Characterization of novel mutations involved in the development of resistance to colistin in Salmonella isolates from retail pork in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 430.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.111027"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., He, S., Zhang, Z., Hu, M., Chang, J., Cui, Y., Shi, C., and Shi, X. (Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, 2025). Contribution of Novel Substitutions in PmrAB to the Development of Resistance to Colistin in mcr-Negative Salmonella Isolates, Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, in press.","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2025.9250579"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-023-00462-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: Food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"27","author":"Odey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edez, J., Moura, D., Grispoldi, L., Cenci-Goga, B., Saraiva, S., Silva, F., Saraiva, C., and Ausina, J. (2024). Salmonella spp. in Domestic Ruminants, Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Based on the One Health Approach\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11070315"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103608","article-title":"Prevalence and transmission of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 based on whole-genome sequence in an intensive laying hen farm in Jiangsu, China","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.05.009","article-title":"Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Kentucky ST198 in Southwest China","volume":"43","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02584-x","article-title":"Arthrospira maxima and biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles as antibacterials against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii: A review article","volume":"23","author":"Selim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, M.A., El-Aziz, A.M.A., El-Sokkary, M.M., and Barwa, R. (2024). Characterization and genetic analysis of extensively drug-resistant hospital acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03321-5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.S.R., Hossain, H., Rahman, M.N., Rahman, A., Ghosh, P.K., Uddin, M.B., Nazmul Hoque, M., Hossain, M.M., and Rahman, M.M. (2025). Emergence of highly virulent multidrug and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in buffalo subclinical mastitis cases. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95914-x"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S406253","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extensively drug resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi clinical isolates from Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"16","author":"Jabeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.01.015","article-title":"Genomic surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae reveals a prolonged outbreak of extensively drug-resistant ST147 NDM-1 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Apulia region (Southern Italy)","volume":"36","author":"Loconsole","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Aziz, N.K., Tartor, Y.H., Gharieb, R.M., Erfan, A.M., Khalifa, E., Said, M.A., Ammar, A.M., and Samir, M. (2021). Extensive drug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from poultry and humans: Prevalence and molecular determinants behind the co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and tigecycline. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, A.H., Khare, K., Saxena, P., Debnath, P., Mukhopadhyay, K., and Yadav, D. (2024). A review on colistin resistance: An antibiotic of last resort. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040772"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04121-1","article-title":"Tigecycline antibacterial activity, clinical effectiveness, and mechanisms and epidemiology of resistance: Narrative review","volume":"41","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korczak, L., Majewski, P., Iwaniuk, D., Sacha, P., Matulewicz, M., Wieczorek, P., Majewska, P., Wieczorek, A., Radziwon, P., and Tryniszewska, E. (2024). Molecular mechanisms of tigecycline-resistance among Enterobacterales. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1289396"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algarni, S., Ricke, S.C., Foley, S.L., and Han, J. (2022). The dynamics of the antimicrobial resistance mobilome of Salmonella enterica and related enteric bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.859854"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01525-w","article-title":"Structural basis of Cfr-mediated antimicrobial resistance and mechanisms to evade it","volume":"20","author":"Aleksandrova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2530-2533.2000","article-title":"Identification of a plasmid-borne chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance gene in Staphylococcus sciuri","volume":"44","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz, S., Zhang, W., Du, X.-D., Kr\u00fcger, H., Fe\u00dfler, A.T., Ma, S., Zhu, Y., Wu, C., Shen, J., and Wang, Y. (2021). Mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 34.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00188-20"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06307-y","article-title":"Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: A comprehensive review","volume":"48","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.10.006","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance genes: Mcr","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mmatli, M., Mbelle, N.M., and Osei Sekyere, J. (2022). Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: A current and emerging update. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.941358"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106504","article-title":"Colistin-and tigecycline-resistant CTX-M-14-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 from retail chicken meat, China","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106251","article-title":"RamA upregulates multidrug resistance efflux pumps AcrAB and OqxAB in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"57","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, H., Suo, J., Dai, J., Wang, S., Li, M., Su, L., Cao, M., Cao, Y., Chen, J., and Cui, S. (2023). Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genomic analysis of Salmonella from retail meats in Shaanxi, China. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 403.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110305"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., He, S., Hu, M., Cui, Y., Tai, C., and Shi, X. (J. Future Foods, 2025). High Prevalence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella from Retail Meat in Shanghai and the Molecular Characterization of blaNDM-9-carrying Plasmid, J. Future Foods, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2025.07.009"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lubbers, B., Diaz-Campos, D., and Schwarz, S. (2020). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [5th ed.]. CLSI supplement VET01S."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01746-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01746-19","article-title":"SeqSero2: Rapid and improved Salmonella serotype determination using whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, B.G., and Nisbet, J. (2023). Building phylogenetic trees from genome sequences With kSNP4. Mol. Biol. Evol., 40.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad235"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2024.2416864","article-title":"Combatting extensively drug-resistant Salmonella: A global perspective on outbreaks, impacts, and control strategies","volume":"118","author":"Idris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Jiang, Y., Xu, H., Jiao, X., Wang, J., and Li, Q. (2023). Poultry production as the main reservoir of ciprofloxacin-and tigecycline-resistant extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198. 2-2 causing human infections in China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 89.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00944-23"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Yi, S., Xu, X., Zheng, L., Liu, H., and Zhou, X. (2024). Prevalence and Characteristics of Plasmid-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance Gene fosA3 among Salmonella Enteritidis Isolates from Retail Chickens and Children with Gastroenteritis in China. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090816"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0340-0","article-title":"Critical analysis of antibacterial agents in clinical development","volume":"18","author":"Theuretzbacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamichhane, B., Mawad, A.M., Saleh, M., Kelley, W.G., Harrington, P.J., Lovestad, C.W., Amezcua, J., Sarhan, M.M., El Zowalaty, M.E., and Ramadan, H. (2024). Salmonellosis: An overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative approaches to mitigate the antimicrobial resistant infections. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8218","article-title":"Salmonella enterica BcfH is a trimeric thioredoxin-like bifunctional enzyme with both thiol oxidase and disulfide isomerase activities","volume":"35","author":"Subedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01428-05","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires the Lpf, Pef, and Tafi fimbriae for biofilm formation on HEp-2 tissue culture cells and chicken intestinal epithelium","volume":"74","author":"Ledeboer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106896","article-title":"Emergence of chromosomally located blaCTX-M-14b and qnrS1 in Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 in China","volume":"62","author":"She","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazari Moghadam, M., Rahimi, E., Shakerian, A., and Momtaz, H. (2023). Prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from poultry meat: Virulence and antimicrobial-resistant genes. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02908-8"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03507.x","article-title":"The use of flow cytometry to detect expression of subunits encoded by 11 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial operons","volume":"48","author":"Humphries","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clayton, D.J., Bowen, A.J., Hulme, S.D., Buckley, A.M., Deacon, V.L., Thomson, N.R., Barrow, P.A., Morgan, E., Jones, M.A., and Watson, M. (2008). Analysis of the role of 13 major fimbrial subunits in colonisation of the chicken intestines by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis reveals a role for a novel locus. BMC Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-228"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku331","article-title":"The complete sequence of Salmonella genomic island SGI1-K","volume":"70","author":"Hamidian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.122","article-title":"Salmonella genomic islands and antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica","volume":"5","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05744.x","article-title":"Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid","volume":"64","author":"Toh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02461-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02461-22","article-title":"Spreading of cfr-carrying plasmids among staphylococci from humans and animals","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105644","article-title":"An 11-year linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis clone dissemination with a similar cfr-carrying plasmid in China","volume":"25","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.015","article-title":"Genetic basis of chromosomally-encoded mcr-1 gene","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02381-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02381-17","article-title":"The birth and demise of the IS Apl1-mcr-1-IS Apl1 composite transposon: The vehicle for transferable colistin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Snesrud","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01457-16","article-title":"A model for transposition of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 by IS Apl1","volume":"60","author":"Snesrud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W229","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky352","article-title":"oriTfinder: A web-based tool for the identification of origin of transfers in DNA sequences of bacterial mobile genetic elements","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106833","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid harbouring the cfr gene in porcine Salmonella","volume":"62","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/17\/3025\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:54Z","timestamp":1760034894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/17\/3025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14173025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14173025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}