{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1792789235912,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Education Department","award":["JJKH20240684KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240684KJ"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Education Department","award":["20240601062RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240601062RC"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China","award":["JJKH20240684KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240684KJ"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China","award":["20240601062RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240601062RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differences in sex among cattle are associated with distinct physiological traits and endocrine profiles, which significantly influence meat quality and flavor characteristics. This study is the first to explore the effect of sex on meat quality, volatile flavor, and metabolites in Yanbian yellow cattle. Volatile and non-volatile metabolites in the longissimus dorsi muscle were comprehensively profiled using gas chromatography\u2013ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). The results revealed that the fatty acid content (SFA, MUFA, PUFA) in the triceps brachii and longissimus dorsi muscles of cows was significantly higher than that of bulls (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, bulls showed elevated levels of total amino acids and non-essential amino acids (p &lt; 0.05). Volatile flavor analysis revealed 35 discovered compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. Notably, alcohols and aldehydic flavor compounds in the longissimus dorsi were substantially more prominent in cows, whereas ketonic compounds were predominantly higher in bulls. The study also identified key metabolic pathways\u2014including lipid metabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, and glycolysis\u2014that are predominantly associated with meat quality. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating flavor formation in Yanbian yellow cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14183175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:52:28Z","timestamp":1757663548000},"page":"3175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comprehensive Study of Meat Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Different Sexes of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Using GC-IMS and LC-MS\/MS Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baide","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8868-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"},{"name":"Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13503","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.13503","article-title":"Analysis of volatile compounds between raw and cooked beef by 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